Hugh Clapperton (born May 18, 1788, Annan, Dumfries, Scotland—died April 13, 1827, near Sokoto, Fulani empire) was a Scottish explorer and naval officer who was the first European in West Africa to return with a firsthand account of the region now known as northern Nigeria.
Following service in the Royal Navy, Clapperton joined explorers Dixon Denham and Walter Oudney in a British government expedition that journeyed southward from Tripoli across the Sahara. Early in 1823 they became the first Europeans to view Lake Chad and to enter the Sudanese province of Bornu, now in Nigeria. Clapperton traveled to Kano, Katsina, Sokoto, and Zaria, all now in Nigeria, before he and Denham returned to England in June 1825. Almost immediately he sailed to the west coast of Africa. In December he left the Bight of Benin for the Niger River with his servant and companion, Richard Lander. They crossed the Niger and traveled via Kano to Sokoto, near which Clapperton died. His Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa in the Years 1822–1823, and 1824 was published in 1828. Lander published Records of Captain Clapperton’s Last Expedition to Africa in 1830.