flag of Norway

On February 27, 1814, the crown prince Christian Frederick created the first distinctive Norwegian national flag. An expression of local opposition to the Swedish rule imposed on Norway, it consisted of the red Danish flag with its white cross, long used in Norway, with the addition of the Norwegian arms (a golden crowned lion holding an ax) in the upper hoist canton. In 1821 the Norwegian parliament developed the distinctive design in use today, although it faced a 77-year struggle to obtain Swedish recognition of its legitimacy. Designed by Frederik Meltzer, the new pattern consisted of the white cross on red, used in the Danish flag, with a blue cross superimposed for distinction. The Swedish king refused to allow use of the flag on the high seas until 1838, and even then Norwegian ships were warned that they would not be protected if they did not fly the official Swedish-Norwegian union flag.

On June 20, 1844, the new Swedish king, Oscar I, established a new union symbol by combining the Swedish and Norwegian crosses. Each kingdom was to fly its own flag but with that emblem added in the upper canton. While this gave greater recognition to the flag Norwegians preferred, it was still not the “clean flag” they felt entitled to. The union mark was derisively referred to as a “herring salad,” and contention between the two countries continued. The Norwegian parliament approved a law removing the union symbol from their flag in 1893, in 1896, and again in 1898. After their third approval the king was obliged by a provision in the constitution to sign the law into effect, which he did on December 10, 1898. The clean flag was officially hoisted on December 15, 1899, and six years later Norway separated peacefully from Sweden.