Old Bailey, byname of the Central Criminal Court in London. It is perhaps the best known of several buildings housing the Crown Court, which handles the most serious criminal offenses in England and Wales. The present building (opened in 1907) is a familiar part of London’s skyline, with its copper dome and iconic bronze figure of Justice holding a sword and a set of scales. It has been featured in such films as V for Vendetta (2005) and is mentioned in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities—though the author was describing an earlier building.
Old Bailey’s nickname is taken from the street where the building is located. The road itself runs along the same course as London’s original fortified wall, which was called a “bailey.” The present structure is the latest rendition of a series of court buildings that have been built, demolished, or remodeled on the site since the 16th century. For centuries, Old Bailey was located next to Newgate Prison, which stood from 1772 to 1902. The prison was demolished in 1904 to make room for the current Old Bailey.
The present Old Bailey was designed by English architect E.W. Mountford. In addition to the dome and sculpture of Justice, another iconic feature is the motto above the main entrance: “Defend the children of the poor & punish the wrongdoer.” The interior of the building includes a central hall and a grand marble staircase. During the bombing of London in World War II, the Old Bailey sustained significant damage but was later reconstructed. An extension was built in 1972, increasing the number of courts to 18 (the earliest Old Bailey only had one) and prisoner cells to 70. In 1973 the building was damaged as one of the targets of Irish Republican Army car bombs. Trials are open to the public, though seating in the public galleries is limited.
Among the most notorious cases to be tried at the present Old Bailey during the 20th century were those of George Joseph Smith (1915), who drowned three women—each of whom he had recently married—in a bathtub; Nazi propagandist and radio broadcaster William Joyce (1945), nicknamed Lord Haw-Haw for the sneering way in which he tried to undermine British morale during World War II; and serial killer Peter Sutcliffe (1981), the infamous Yorkshire Ripper, who was convicted of the murders of 13 women.