Pratibha Patil (born December 19, 1934, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India) is an Indian lawyer and politician who was the first woman to serve as president of India (2007–12).
Patil earned a master’s degree in political science and economics at Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon, and later received a law degree from Government Law College, Mumbai (Bombay). She joined the Indian National Congress (Congress Party) and entered politics in 1962 as a member of the Maharashtra legislative assembly. While there, she held the portfolio of public health and social welfare and distinguished herself for her loyalty to her party. In 1985 she won a seat in the Rajya Sabha (upper chamber of the Indian parliament), and she served as deputy chairman of that body from 1986 to 1988. Patil left the upper house in 1990 and was elected to represent Amravati in the Lok Sabha (lower house) in 1991. She briefly retired from politics after completing her five-year term but returned to public service in 2004 when she was appointed governor of the northwestern state of Rajasthan.
Her longtime association with the Gandhi family made her a favourite of Congress Party leader Sonia Gandhi, and Patil’s name was brought forward as a candidate for the largely ceremonial role of president in 2007. While previous candidates had been struck down by partners in Congress’s coalition government, Patil’s status as a relative unknown worked to her advantage. She took office in July 2007 and was succeeded five years later by former finance minister Pranab Mukherjee.
Patil’s presidency was relatively quiet, but it was not without controversy, especially for her use of government funds. She was criticized for the large number of trips she took overseas, often accompanied by relatives. She also faced much opposition for her acquisition of land in Pune, Maharashtra state, to construct her retirement home. The land was owned by the Indian military and was intended for use by the widows of servicemen. Patil eventually abandoned that project and moved into a renovated house in Pune. In addition, she came under fire for commuting sentences of death to life in prison for a large number of inmates convicted of particularly violent crimes.