Alice Springs
Alice Springs, town, Northern Territory, Australia. It is the main focus of the Centre, a name given to approximately 100,000 square miles (260,000 square km) of central Australia that includes large areas of desert and rocky ridges.
Alice Springs lies on the intermittent Todd River and the Stuart Highway, 1,028 road miles (1,654 km) north of Adelaide and 954 miles (1,535 km) south of Darwin. The town originated in 1871 as a station on the Overland Telegraph Line, which crossed the MacDonnell Ranges through Heavitree Gap. The present site was surveyed in 1889, and the town was declared in 1890 under the name Stuart, named for the explorer John McDouall Stuart. It was proclaimed as Alice Springs in 1933; the name came from that of a local oasis near the telegraph station whose namesake, Alice Todd, was the wife of the superintendent of telegraphs.
The town served as the capital of the short-lived Territory of Central Australia (1926–31). In 1929 it became the northern terminus of the Central Australia Railway (in 2003 the line was completed northward to Darwin). The rail line and the cross-continental Stuart Highway have made the town a major shipping point for beef cattle and minerals (gold, copper, wolfram [tungsten], and mica). Irrigation allows limited fruit and dairy farming. There are small plants making fibrous plaster, soft drinks, sheet metal, joinery, and bricks.
Tourism is of prime importance; during the mild winter months (May to September) thousands flock to the town, which has become an exploration base for the Centre. They may also attend such celebrations as Henley-On-Todd, a “boat race” on the dry riverbed in which the boats are carried by runners. Alice Springs is a regional headquarters for the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the School of the Air (public education by radio and, later, a broadband satellite network for outback children). Its original telegraph station has been designated a national park. Pop. (2006) local government area, 23,893; (2011) local government area, 25,186.