Inchon landing

Inchon landing, (September 15–26, 1950) in the Korean War, an amphibious landing by U.S. and South Korean forces at the port of Inchon (now Incheon), near the South Korean capital, Seoul. A daring operation planned and executed under extremely difficult conditions by U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, the landing suddenly reversed the tide of the war, forcing the invading North Korean army to retreat in disorder up the Korean peninsula.

Following its powerful attack across the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950, North Korea’s Korean Peoples Army (KPA) had pushed relentlessly southward down the peninsula, driving before it the demoralized Republic of Korea Army (ROKA) and poorly prepared and understrength units of the U.S. 24th Division that had been hastily sent over from the Eighth Army in Japan. Not until the first weeks of August was the United Nations Command (UNC), as MacArthur’s theater forces were redesignated, able to slow the North Koreans and finally stop them at the “Pusan Perimeter,” a line that roughly followed the Nakdong River and protected the vital southern port of Pusan (now Busan). Reinforcements and supplies streamed in through the port, but still it appeared to a shocked world and American public that U.S. forces were in danger of being driven into the sea.

MacArthur had started to think about a landing somewhere behind enemy lines in early July 1950, and on August 12 he ordered his staff to prepare for an amphibious landing at Inchon, the port outlet of Seoul, located on Korea’s west coast. Planning and preparation for a major amphibious operation usually took five or six months; MacArthur was allowing only one, with a target D Day of September 15, the earliest date that tides would be suitable. In Washington, D.C., the Joint Chiefs of Staff were at first opposed to such a landing. They feared that because of the grave situation at the Pusan Perimeter, MacArthur would not be able to hold out enough units to fight elsewhere and might be defeated in both places. In addition, they did not think the plans could be ready in time, and they doubted that Inchon was the right place for a landing. The beachline there had every possible disadvantage for an amphibious operation. The tidal variation was approximately 10 meters (30 feet), permitting use of the beaches for only 6 hours out of each 24 hours. The only approach to the port was through a narrow, tortuous channel, blocked by a key harbor defense site, Wolmi Island, and the port facilities of Inchon were inadequate for supporting a major operation. However, MacArthur knew that practically the entire KPA had been committed to the assaults on Pusan. The Inchon-Seoul area was weakly held, and nowhere else were the North Koreans’ lines of communication so vulnerable or accessible. Furthermore, Seoul, as South Korea’s capital, was psychologically important, and MacArthur was determined to reverse the war and restore the United States’ damaged prestige as soon as possible. No other, more cautious, plan could achieve such surprise or yield such benefits. MacArthur insisted that there would be no danger to the Pusan Perimeter if he could be provided with a marine division as the spearhead of the assault—and the plans, he insisted, would be ready in time.

For the core of his landing force, MacArthur and the Joint Chiefs of Staff selected the 1st Marine Division (a skeleton force brought up to strength by activating marine reserves and stripping another division of men and matériel) and the 7th Infantry Division (the Eighth Army’s remaining infantry division, strengthened by Korean fillers and American soldiers shipped from the United States). As the force developed, it also included two South Korean marine battalions, an elite ROKA infantry regiment, and an assortment of support troops from the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. The entire force was designated the X Corps and was placed under the command of Maj. Gen. Edward M. Almond, MacArthur’s chief of staff. The landing force became part of Joint Task Force 7, directed by Vice Adm. Arthur D. Struble, the U.S. Navy’s Seventh Fleet commander.

After a naval gun and aerial bombardment on September 14, U.S. Marines the next day assaulted Wolmi Island. Later that day additional marine units landed along Inchon’s waterfront. The North Koreans’ resistance was not stubborn, and their armored counterattacks over the next two days did little to slow the marines’ advance on Seoul. With Gimpo airfield secured on September 18, the 1st Marine Division put all three of its infantry regiments across the Han River on September 20–25 and captured Seoul with some last-minute and largely unnecessary help from a South Korean and a U.S. infantry regiment. Meanwhile, the 7th Infantry Division went ashore on September 18 and fanned out quickly to the south. On September 26, the day Seoul fell to the marines, an armored spearhead of the Eighth Army dashing north from the Pusan Perimeter met the 7th Infantry Division at Suwon, south of Seoul. The KPA, completely shattered, had ceased to exist as a cohesive force. Many of its survivors were able to escape northward through the wild, rugged country in the central and eastern portion of the peninsula, but more than 125,000 prisoners fell into UNC hands.

The amazement created by the sudden appearance of the X Corps at Inchon added more luster to MacArthur’s already brilliant career, and the landing is still considered to be one of the greatest operations in military history. However, in the immediate future further reversals were in store for the armies in Korea. On September 27 the Joint Chiefs of Staff authorized MacArthur to conduct operations north of the 38th parallel, though he was instructed to limit operations in the event of Russian or Chinese intervention. A confident MacArthur, ignoring communications intelligence that showed the presence of 260,000 frontline Chinese troops massed in Manchuria, sent the combined X Corps and Eighth Army northward. The mission now was to occupy all of North Korea and eliminate the KPA, but on November 25 two Chinese army groups fell upon the UNC and battered it back into South Korea. The Korean War became a wider and much longer conflict. On April 11, 1951, MacArthur, whose independence of action and speech frequently had brought him into conflict with U.S. Pres. Harry S. Truman, was relieved of all his commands and recalled to the United States.