James DeLancey (born Nov. 27, 1703, New York City—died July 30, 1760, New York City) was the lieutenant governor and chief justice of the British colony of New York.
The eldest son of Stephen DeLancey, a prominent New York merchant-politician, James was sent to Cambridge and later studied law in London. He returned to New York, where he became a member of the Governor’s Council in 1729 and a second judge of the colony’s Supreme Court in 1731; in 1733 the royal governor appointed him chief justice.
While in the council, he strongly defended royal prerogative and was presiding judge at the libel trial of John Peter Zenger (q.v.). During the administration of Gov. George Clinton (1743–53), DeLancey reversed his earlier political tenets and opposed the programs of the royal governor. When DeLancey used his influence in England to obtain Clinton’s recall in 1753, he was appointed lieutenant governor of the colony until 1755. He served again as lieutenant governor from 1757 to 1760, and despite pressures from England and Gov. Sir Danvers Osborne to expand royal authority, DeLancey worked to maintain the dominant status of the colonial assembly within the New York government.
In 1754 he signed the charter for the establishment of King’s College (later Columbia University). He presided over the intercolonial Albany Congress and in 1755 attended a wartime conference of colonial governors with Gen. Edward Braddock in Alexandria, Va.