Douai, town, northern France, in the Nord département, Hauts-de-France région. It is situated in flat country on the Scarpe River, 24 miles (39 km) south of Lille and 13 miles southwest of the Belgian border. Douai was once a coal-mining centre with related chemical and engineering works; now its industrial economy is dominated by the automobile and automobile-components industries. Other manufactures include railway equipment and food products. The Government Publications Office is located in Douai. The original university, founded in 1562, was transferred to Lille in 1887, but in 1993 the law faculty of the University of Artois was established in the town, joining existing graduate schools. The magnificent Gothic belfry, built in 1380, is 130 feet (40 m) high and has a carillon of 49 bells, installed in 1954 to replace the one destroyed by the Germans during World War I. The church of Notre-Dame was badly damaged in 1944, but its 13th-century nave has been restored. The museum of the Carthusian monastery La Chartreuse (16th–18th century) has a fine collection of 16th-century paintings.
During the Middle Ages, Douai was ruled successively by the counts of Flanders and the dukes of Burgundy, Austria, and then Spain. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was the centre of exiled English Roman Catholics. In 1667 Louis XIV captured the town, and it was ceded to France the following year by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The town was almost completely destroyed during the sieges of 1710 and 1712, was partly burned in 1918, and suffered greatly during World War II. Pop. (1999) 42,796; (2014 est.) 40,736.