Strait of Dover
Strait of Dover, narrow water passage separating England (northwest) from France (southeast) and connecting the English Channel (southwest) with the North Sea (northeast). The strait is 18 to 25 miles (30 to 40 km) wide, and its depth ranges from 120 to 180 feet (35 to 55 metres). Until the comparatively recent geologic past (c. 5000 bce), the strait was an exposed river valley, thus making England an extension of the European continent. Because of the prevailing winds, the main flow of water through the strait is from the southwest, but a persistent northeast wind can reverse the current. The white cliffs on the British side, composed of soft chalk, are receding because of erosion. Although the strait is one of the world’s busiest seaways, a strict system of traffic lanes and navigation information became mandatory only in 1977.
The chief ports along the strait include Dover and Folkestone (England) and Calais and Boulogne (France). The idea of a rail tunnel across the bottom of the strait was first proposed in 1856. However, such a project was not undertaken for another 130 years. Constructed between 1987 and 1991 and officially opened in 1994, the Channel Tunnel is now a major transportation link between the two countries. High-speed ferries also operate across the strait.
The Strait of Dover was the scene of several historic naval battles, notably the first major repulse by the English of the Spanish Armada (1588). During World War I, Boulogne was a major army base, and Dover was the headquarters for the “Dover patrol,” which protected shipping in the strait. In 1940 the Allied troops evacuating from Dunkirk (Dunkerque, France) crossed the strait to Dover. The name Dover originally meant “the waters” or “the stream.”