Dubuque, city, seat (1834) of Dubuque county, northeastern Iowa, U.S., on the Mississippi River (bridged to East Dubuque, Illinois), opposite the junction of the Wisconsin and Illinois boundary lines. It was named for Julien Dubuque (1762–1810), a French Canadian trader who in 1788 concluded a treaty with the Fox giving him lead-mining rights. He was the first person of European descent to settle permanently in the region later to become Iowa; a monument on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi marks the site of his mine and burial plot. Further concessions were rejected by Native Americans until the Black Hawk Treaty of 1832. Mining and sawmilling were pioneering enterprises, but with the development of river and rail transportation the city became industrialized. Meatpacking, agriculture, the manufacture of farm machinery, and publishing are among the main economic activities. Casino gambling is also important.
In 1893 Dubuque was made an archdiocese of the Roman Catholic church, which maintains two of the local colleges, Loras (1839) and Clarke (1843). The University of Dubuque was founded in 1852 by Adrian Van Vliet as Van Vliet Seminary; in 1864 it was renamed the German Theological School of the Northwest and in 1920 acquired its present name. Also in the city are the Wartburg Theological Seminary (1854) and Emmaus Bible College (1983). New Melleray Abbey, 12 miles (19 km) southwest, was founded in 1849 by Trappist monks.
The city’s Old Shot Tower (1856) was in full production during the American Civil War, utilizing locally mined lead to make bullets. The Fenton Place Elevator, originally built in 1882 by a wealthy banker, is a short, steep funicular railway rising some 190 feet (58 metres) up the bluffs overlooking the river. The Mathias Ham House (1856) is a restored Italian villa-style mansion. Other attractions include the Dubuque Arboretum and Botanical Gardens and the Mississippi River Museum, the latter also housing the National Rivers Hall of Fame. Mines of Spain State Recreation Area, just southwest of the city, preserves the site of Julien Dubuque’s lead-mining operation and natural areas along the Mississippi bluffs. The baseball field used in the film Field of Dreams (1989) is about 25 miles (40 km) west near Dyersville. Inc. town, 1837; city, 1841. Pop. (2000) 57,686; Dubuque Metro Area, 89,143; (2010) 57,637; Dubuque Metro Area, 93,653.