eisteddfod, formal assembly of Welsh bards and minstrels that originated in the traditions of court bards of medieval times. The modern National Eisteddfod, revived in the 19th century and held each summer alternately in a site in North or South Wales, has been broadened to include awards for music, prose, drama, and art, but the chairing and investiture of the winning poet remains its high point.
Earlier assemblies were competitions of musicians (especially harpists) and poets from which new musical, literary, and oratorical forms emerged. The assembly at Carmarthen (c. 1451) is famous for establishing the arrangement of the strict metres of Welsh poetry in forms that are still authoritative. In the 17th century the custom fell into disuse, though poetry remained a popular art and a form of eisteddfod survived in informal gatherings of rhymesters who met to compose verses on impromptu subjects. In the 18th century, when local eisteddfods were revived, it was apparent that many ordinary farmers and workingmen were still sufficiently skilled in the complicated craftsmanship of bardic versification to win prizes. In the 19th century the eisteddfod exerted a dominant influence on Welsh poetry through its annual national assembly and a number of local competitions. It was in this period that the eisteddfod became associated with the pseudo-Druidical ceremonies of the Welsh scholar and author Iolo Morganwg (Edward Williams). Though it succeeded in preserving the bardic forms, eisteddfod poetry was generally of mediocre quality and degenerated to its lowest level in the late 19th century. But throughout the 20th century the eisteddfod was a vital forum for Welsh-language culture, and its competitions produced a number of important poems. See also awdl.