El Capitan
El Capitan, mountain in Yosemite National Park, east-central California. One of the park’s most notable landmarks, the granite monolith features nearly vertical walls and stands 7,569 feet (2,307 meters) above sea level and towers some 3,600 feet (1,100 meters) over the western end of Yosemite Valley; at its base is the Merced River. Nearby is Bridalveil Fall, with Half Dome at the head of the valley.
Native Americans gave the mountain various names, including To-tock-ah-noo-lah, which meant “Rock Chief” or “Captain.” The first recorded sighting by white settlers occurred in 1851, when a local militia known as the Mariposa Battalion entered the valley while pursuing groups of Indigenous people. While several names were given to the granite buttress—including Crane Mountain—it eventually became known as El Capitan, Spanish for “The Captain.” The monolith and scenic valley attracted artists, including painters and photographers. Their works helped make the area well known, and in 1890 Yosemite National Park was created.
For many years it was believed that climbing the mountains’ vertical walls was impossible. In 1957, however, Warren Harding led an expedition to scale the peak. The group focused on the prow that formed where the southeastern and southwestern faces meet; it became known as the Nose. For 45 days over more than one year, they established a route by inserting pitons and drilling bolt holes for the fixed ropes. On November 12, 1958, Harding and two others finally summited the mountain. Since then El Capitan has become popular with climbers, and in 2017 Alex Honnold became the first to ascend the mountain without using ropes; his climb was documented in Free Solo (2018). In addition, hikers are able to summit via an arduous trail.