Elijah ben Solomon (born April 23, 1720, Sielec, Lithuania, Russian Empire—died October 9, 1797, Vilna [now Vilnius, Lithuania]) was the gaon (“excellency”) of Vilna and the outstanding authority in Jewish religious and cultural life in 18th-century Lithuania.
Born into a long line of scholars, Elijah traveled among the Jewish communities of Poland and Germany in 1740–45 and then settled in Vilna, which was the cultural centre of eastern European Jewry. There he refused rabbinic office and lived as a recluse while devoting himself to study and prayer, but his reputation as a scholar had spread throughout the Jewish world by the time he was 30. As a mark of nearly universal reverence, the title gaon, borne by the heads of the Babylonian academies and virtually extinct for many centuries, was bestowed upon him by the people.
Elijah’s scholarship embraced mastery of every field of study in the Jewish literature up to his own time. His vast knowledge of the Talmud and Midrash and of biblical exegesis, as well as of mystical literature and lore, was combined with a deep interest in philosophy, grammar, mathematics and astronomy, and folk medicine.
Elijah’s most important contributions were his synoptic view of Jewish learning and his critical methods of study. In an age of narrow, puritanical piety, he broadened the conception of Torah learning to include the natural sciences, and asserted that a complete understanding of Jewish law and literature necessitated the study of mathematics, astronomy, geography, botany, and zoology. He encouraged translations of works on these subjects into Hebrew. Elijah also introduced the methods of textual criticism in the study of the Bible and the Talmud. He based his interpretations on the plain meaning of the text rather than on narrow sophistries. In general, his influence was felt in the direction of an increased emphasis on rationalism and synthesis.
Elijah led an implacable opposition to the pietistic mystical movement of Ḥasidism from 1772 until his death. He condemned Ḥasidism as a superstitious and antischolarly movement and ordered the excommunication of its adherents and the burning of their books. He became the leader of the Mitnaggedim (opponents of Hasidism) and was temporarily able to check the movement’s spread in Lithuania. He was also mildly opposed to the Haskala, or Jewish Enlightenment.
At about age 40 Elijah began teaching a chosen circle of devoted pupils who were already experienced scholars. Among them was Ḥayyim ben Issac, who went on to found the great yeshiva (Talmudic academy) at Volozhin (now Valozhyn, Belarus), which trained several generations of scholars, rabbis, and leaders. Elijah’s writings were published posthumously and include commentaries and numerous annotations on the Bible, Talmud, Midrash, and other works.