William H. Carney (born February 29, 1840, Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.—died December 9, 1908, Boston, Massachusetts) was an American soldier who joined the Union army in 1863 and became a hero of the American Civil War. He was one of the first African Americans to earn the Congressional Medal of Honor, the highest military award in the United States.
Carney was born into slavery. At age 14 he was taught to read and write by a local white minister, who operated a school in secrecy. About 1857 Carney’s father decided to try to escape enslavement. With the help of the Underground Railroad, he traveled to New Bedford, Massachusetts. There he raised enough money to send for his wife. Although it is unclear how Carney obtained his freedom, about 1859 he managed to escape and joined his parents in New Bedford.
Being literate, Carney became interested in the Bible. About the time he was gravitating toward a career in religion, however, he changed course and decided to become a soldier. Even though the Civil War began in 1861, African Americans could not participate as soldiers for the Union army until after U.S. Pres. Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. Carney promptly enlisted in the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, the first African American regiment in the North.
In mid-1863 the 54th Regiment was sent to South Carolina, where the Union planned to take Fort Wagner from the Confederacy. On July 18 the men of the regiment charged toward the fort. Their commander, Col. Robert Gould Shaw, was soon killed, as was the soldier carrying the regiment’s flag. Carney grabbed the flag and continued toward the fort, where he displayed it to encourage his fellow soldiers to keep fighting. The Union forces were eventually forced to retreat, and Carney—by now gravely wounded—carried the flag all the way back to the Union camp.
As a result of his injuries, Carney was honorably discharged from the Union army in 1864. He subsequently worked for the post office in New Bedford for more than 30 years, serving as one of the first African American letter carriers in the United States. From 1901 he worked as a messenger for the state government in Boston. In 1900 the U.S. Congress awarded Carney the Medal of Honor.