polyarchy

polyarchy, concept coined by the American political scientist Robert Dahl to denote the acquisition of democratic institutions within a political system that leads to the participation of a plurality of actors. Polyarchy, which means “rule by many,” describes the process of democratization, in contrast to democracy itself.

Central to any definition of democracy is electoral representation by means of free elections and representative government. The concept of polyarchy is Dahl’s attempt to develop an empirical definition of democratization as well as to elaborate a set of normative criteria for deciding whether or not a political system can be counted as a democracy. Polyarchy, as presented by Dahl, should be understood as a process by which a set of institutions that comes close to what one could call the ideal type of democracy is developed. Therefore, public power is essential, and authority is effectively controlled by societal organizations and civil associations (e.g., interest groups and political parties). Hence, in Dahl’s view, the extent to which those societal actors can and do operate autonomously, as well as independently from the state, will enhance the democratic quality of a polity.

Central to the adequate functioning of polyarchy is not only the existence and operation of institutions but also the existence of societal groups and adequate space for them to maneuver and organize. The institutionalization of the democratic process of accountable government is a prerequisite for polyarchy, although the establishment of a regime as a fully fledged democracy is not. The necessary institutions are, according to Dahl:

• Universal suffrage and the right to run for public office
• Free and fairly conducted elections for all adults
• Availability and observance of the right to free speech and protection to exercise it
• The existence of and free access to alternative information (not controlled by government)
• The undisputed right to form and to join relatively autonomous organizations—in particular, political parties (and, crucially, parties in opposition)
• Responsiveness of government (and parties) to voters
• Accountability of government (and parties) to election outcomes and government.

That set of institutions taken together distinguishes polyarchy from other regimes. The coming about of those institutions can then be seen as the process toward democratization. The enduring existence and observance of the whole set is the hallmark of an established democracy.

Dahl’s concept of polyarchy is not only a seminal contribution to democratic theory, but it has also been a powerful incentive for empirical analysis. Polyarchy has become one of the most widely used concepts in political science, because it combines prescriptive qualities—enhancing democracy as ideal government—with empirical options. Both aspects enable the analysis of extant democracies and the question of how they can be further developed.