Petro Poroshenko
Petro Poroshenko (born September 26, 1965, Bolhrad, Ukraine, U.S.S.R. [now in Ukraine]) is a Ukrainian businessman and politician who served as president of Ukraine (2014–19).
Poroshenko was raised in a small town in southwestern Ukraine, near the Moldovan border. He was educated in Kiev at Taras Shevchenko National University, where he studied law and international relations. After a two-year break to perform military service, Poroshenko graduated in 1989, but he remained at the university to study international economics. As the Soviet Union crumbled, Poroshenko entered the business world, and in 1993 he became CEO of Ukprominvest, a holding company with interests in a variety of industries. He became active in the cocoa bean trade, and in 1996 he founded Roshen, a confectionery manufacturer that soon achieved prominence in the chocolate and candy market in eastern Europe.
Poroshenko’s political career began in 1998, when he was elected to the Ukrainian parliament representing Vinnytsya. Having originally been a member of the Social Democrats and served in Pres. Leonid Kuchma’s government, Poroshenko founded the Solidarity party in 2000 before helping to establish the Russophile Party of Regions. He switched his allegiance again to the Our Ukraine party of Viktor Yushchenko in 2001 and was named head of the parliamentary budget committee the following year. After the Orange Revolution swept Yushchenko into the president’s office, in 2005 Poroshenko was appointed national security secretary in Yushchenko’s cabinet. After just seven months Yushchenko reshuffled his cabinet, and Poroshenko returned to the parliament, where he headed the finance committee (2006–07). He was once again elevated to the cabinet, serving (2009–10) as Yushchenko’s foreign minister, but dissension within the ruling coalition and a resurgent Party of Regions saw the Orange parties swept from power in 2010. Poroshenko resumed his affiliation with the Party of Regions in 2012, when he became minister of trade in the cabinet of Pres. Viktor Yanukovych. After legislative elections later that year, however, Poroshenko returned to the parliament, where he cochaired the committee on cooperation with the European Union.
In November 2013 Yanukovych scuttled a planned association agreement with the EU, triggering a wave of popular protest that came to be known as the Euromaidan movement. In February 2014, after scores of demonstrators were killed by government security forces in Kiev and with parliament voting to impeach him, Yanukovych fled to Russia. The parliament established an interim government, and within days it was confronted with a crisis in the autonomous republic of Crimea. Unidentified gunmen, later confirmed to be Russian troops, occupied key sites throughout the peninsula. Over the next two weeks, pro-Russian paramilitary groups solidified their hold on the peninsula and organized a widely criticized independence referendum. On March 18 Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin formally annexed Crimea, a move that precipitated the largest breach between Russia and the West since the end of the Cold War. The following month, unidentified troops carrying Russian weapons and equipment seized government buildings in the Ukrainian regions of Donetsk and Luhansk, sparking a conflict that would claim thousands of lives.
It was against that backdrop that Ukraine held snap presidential elections. On May 25, 2014, Poroshenko coasted to a landslide victory, easily topping his closest challenger, former prime minister and onetime Orange coalition ally Yuliya Tymoshenko. In spite of overwhelming evidence of Russian military involvement in Ukraine, Putin denied that Russia had any role in the conflict, and the relationship between Ukraine and Russia—which had been extremely close under Yanukovych—was at its most strained since the collapse of the Soviet Union. After ordering a summer offensive that drastically reduced the area under rebel control, in September Poroshenko agreed to a cease-fire that was frequently tested by both sides. Snap parliamentary elections in October reaffirmed Poroshenko’s mandate, as pro-Western parties claimed victory at the polls. In December Ukraine dropped its status as a nonaligned country, a posture it had adopted in 2010 under pressure from Russia, and Poroshenko pledged to work toward membership in NATO.
Fighting intensified during a rebel offensive in January 2015, and hundreds of civilians were killed in the span of a few weeks. As Poroshenko stressed the need for a diplomatic solution, French Pres. François Hollande and German Chancellor Angela Merkel tried to broker a more-lasting agreement than the shattered cease-fire. Meeting in Minsk, Belarus, in February 2015, Poroshenko, Putin, Hollande, and Merkel outlined a 12-point agreement that would bring an end to fighting in the east. The Russian-backed separatist campaign dragged on, however, and by 2016 the estimated death toll in the conflict topped 10,000.
Poroshenko had campaigned on transparency and reform, and Ukraine did achieve a marginal measure of success in tackling public sector corruption. Poroshenko’s credibility took a hit in April 2016, however, with the release of the so-called Panama Papers, a trove of confidential documents from the Panama-based law firm Mossack Fonseca. Poroshenko had vowed to sell his business upon becoming president, but the Panama Papers revealed that he had instead moved his assets into an offshore holding company in the British Virgin Islands. In the wake of the scandal, the Ukrainian public expressed widespread dissatisfaction with his government as well as virtually all other establishment politicians.
The creation of an independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church in early 2019 briefly buoyed Poroshenko’s approval rating, but government corruption and declining living standards remained the foremost issues ahead of the March 2019 presidential election. Initially, the contest had appeared to be a rerun of the 2014 election, with Poroshenko and Tymoshenko as the most visible candidates, but the race was upended by television personality Volodymyr Zelensky. Zelensky, an actor who had played the president of Ukraine in one of the country’s most popular situation comedies, emerged as an unlikely front-runner. In the first round of the presidential election, on March 31, 2019, Zelensky captured over 30 percent of the vote, and Poroshenko finished second with roughly 16 percent. In the runoff election, held on April 21, 2019, Zelensky won in a landslide, claiming more than 73 percent of the vote to Poroshenko’s 24 percent. Poroshenko offered his concession well before the final results were announced, when early exit polls showed that Zelensky had established an insurmountable lead. Poroshenko characterized Zelensky’s victory as the dawn of an uncertain era in Ukrainian history and vowed that the defeat would not mark the end of his political career.