Battle of Manila
Battle of Manila, first and largest battle of the Philippine-American War, a conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902 that may be seen as a continuation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. Filipino hopes that the U.S. defeat of their Spanish colonial masters in the Spanish-American War of 1898 would bring independence to the Philippines were dashed when the United States annexed the islands for itself. The Battle of Manila was a bloody clash on February 4–5, 1899, between Filipino independence fighters and U.S. troops in Manila.
After their naval victory over the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay in May 1898, U.S. troops occupied the Philippine capital, Manila. Relations between U.S. troops and native Filipinos deteriorated as it became clear that the Americans were there to stay. On December 21, 1898, the U.S. president, William McKinley, issued a Proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation taking over the islands after having paid the Spanish $20 million for the whole of the Philippines. On January 1, 1899, Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo was declared president of an independent republic. A substantial Filipino rebel army dug into positions around Manila, which was occupied by U.S. troops. The Filipinos were short on equipment and lacked leadership, with no clear strategy or tactics, but they were committed to the cause of independence.
As tensions rose, two U.S. sentries, who were on guard at Manila’s San Juan del Monte bridge on the evening of February 4, fired shots at a Filipino crowd crossing the bridge. Within minutes, both sides were exchanging fire, and a group of Filipino rebels captured two U.S. artillery pieces. The next morning, at daybreak, U.S. general Arthur MacArthur, like many senior U.S. officers a veteran of both the Civil War and the Indian Wars, gave the order to attack the Filipino trenches. U.S. troops captured a ridge to the north, overlooking the city, while troops to the south captured a village containing Filipino supplies. The population of the city failed to rise in support of the rebels. Filipino units continued to skirmish with U.S. soldiers on the city’s outskirts for several days until they were finally driven out.
The insurrection spread to the countryside after the battle. Macarthur declared the rebellion quelled in November 1899. It was not, and the fight at Manila was the prelude to a bloody conflict that would last for many years beyond its supposed formal conclusion and that would be marked by numerous atrocities. Macarthur, who had been appointed governor, was occupied with trying to curb the insurrection for most of his tenure until being replaced by William Howard Taft on July 4, 1901.
Losses: U.S., 50–60 dead, 225 wounded of 19,000; Filipino, up to 2,000 dead or wounded of 15,000.