Cambodian genocide
Cambodian genocide, systematic murder of up to three million people in Cambodia from 1976 to 1978 that was carried out by the Khmer Rouge government under Pol Pot.
Immediately after World War II, the Americans and the French fought wars against communism in Korea and Vietnam, respectively. Cambodia became independent in 1953 when French Indochina collapsed under the assault of Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh communist army. Cambodia’s constitutional monarchy under Prince Sihanouk remained neutral during the Vietnam War, until he was ousted in 1970 by an American-backed coup. Forced to seek refuge in Beijing, he became the figurehead for communist Khmer Rouge insurgents, whose cause was greatly aided when the United States bombed Cambodia in an attempt to suppress guerrilla activity. Cambodia’s civil war ended in 1975 when capital city Phnom Penh fell to the Khmer Rouge, who renamed the country Kampuchea.
Pol Pot declared 1975 to be “Year Zero,” when Cambodia was to be isolated and its society remade in accordance with communist ideals. Civil rights and property rights were immediately eliminated, and any public expression of religious belief was forbidden. Taking the view that Cambodian society had been corrupted by exposure to the world beyond Cambodia’s borders, the new regime started destroying evidence of Western influence, emptying cities and force-marching the urban population into the countryside to engage in hopelessly inadequate agricultural projects. As starvation and disease set in, these actions alone would have created a significant humanitarian disaster.
The Khmer Rouge also persecuted and killed minorities, particularly ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese, in large numbers. Other targets included Cham Muslims, of whom 70–80 percent of the population was exterminated; professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers; and anyone who could remotely be described as “intellectual,” which included anyone wearing spectacles or who could speak a foreign language. The Tuol Sleng Prison in Phnom Penh became a center for mass murder, and there were rural sites—referred to as the Killing Fields, which is also the title of a 1984 film that brought the plight of Khmer Rouge victims to worldwide attention—where a huge number of people were executed. As hundreds of thousands of Cambodians fled into Thailand, the genocide intensified, with the Khmer Rouge turning on itself and murdering thousands of suspected traitors and spies in its ranks.
By November 1978, when Vietnam invaded and put an end to the Khmer Rouge’s excesses, at least 1.25 million and as many as 3 million Cambodians had died as a result of Khmer Rouge action; Cambodia’s population had been 7.5 million. Even though the Khmer Rouge kept extensive records, many disappeared into Vietnamese archives, and so the exact number of victims has not been ascertained; the working consensus is 2 million.
In 1979, following the Khmer Rouge’s defeat at the hands of Vietnamese forces, the movement’s de facto leader fled into the jungles on Cambodia’s border with Thailand where he maintained the pretense of leading a legitimate government. Pol Pot died in 1998 while under house arrest imposed by rivals within the Khmer Rouge, which largely disintegrated afterward. Vietnam occupied Cambodia until 1989, and free elections were held in 1993, inaugurating a democratic government.
The Khmer Rouge Tribunal, formally known as the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, was established in 2006 as an effort to bring surviving leaders to justice, and trials held under its auspices secured a number of convictions. In 2012 Kaing Guek Eav, the commandant of Tuol Sleng Prison, was sentenced to life in prison for crimes against humanity; he died in 2020. In 2018 Khieu Samphan and Nuon Chea, two high-ranking Khmer Rouge officials, were convicted of genocide. The Tribunal ceased active litigation in 2022 but has not been decommissioned.
The genocide is a locus of Cambodian memory today. Under the Vietnamese occupation, part of the Tuol Sleng Prison, also called S-21, was converted into a museum, and today it sees significant visitation from Cambodians and foreign tourists alike. Signs across the rural countryside mark the sites of former killing fields. An extensive Cambodian exodus to the United States followed the years of genocide, and observances by expatriates are held at Chicago’s National Cambodian Heritage Museum and Killing Fields Memorial and elsewhere in the country.