White Island volcanic eruption of 2019

White Island volcanic eruption of 2019, volcanic eruption on December 9, 2019, on Whakaari/White Island, located off the coast of eastern North Island, New Zealand, which resulted in the deaths of 22 individuals and injured numerous others. At the time of the eruption, 47 people (adventure tourists and guides) were on the uninhabited island. Most of the visitors were from Australia, but some of them were from the United States, Germany, New Zealand, China, and other countries. Many were passengers on a cruise ship that had docked nearby to allow sightseeing excursions. The eruption lasted approximately two minutes. In the aftermath of the tragedy, visits to the island were suspended.

Whakaari/White Island is situated in the Bay of Plenty, about 30 miles (48 km) off the northeastern coast of North Island. Some 70 percent of the island is underwater. It has numerous hot springs, geysers, and fumaroles and is part of the Ring of Fire, a seismically active belt of volcanoes and tectonic plate boundaries that roughly surrounds the Pacific Ocean. A stratovolcano, Whakaari/White Island began forming some 150,000 years ago. Capt. James Cook sighted and named the island in 1769. A New Zealand businessman bought Whakaari/White Island in the 1930s, and in 1953 he allowed the government to designate it a private scenic reserve. As such, the island became accessible to tourists by boat from Tauranga and by helicopter.

In the late 20th century Whakaari/White Island became one of New Zealand’s most active volcanoes. It erupted almost continuously from 1975 to 2000 and again in 2012 and 2016. The eruptions blew steam, gas, mud, and ash into the air and produced new craters but did not result in any human fatalities. Because the volcano was so active and tourists were allowed to visit, scientists monitored the island closely. In 2019, a few weeks before Whakaari/White Island erupted, scientists noted heightened volcanic activity and raised the alert level; however, they saw no indications that an eruption was imminent.

Whakaari/White Island’s eruption probably occurred after water came into contact with hot magma in the core of the volcano, causing steam to form, which at first could not escape because of the dirt and debris covering the volcano. Eventually, the pressure became so great that the steam exploded. The blast pushed rocks and toxic gases into the air, with a plume of steam and ash rising some 12,000 feet (3,660 metres) high.

The disaster plunged New Zealand into a state of national mourning. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern’s calm and measured but deeply empathetic response did much to help ease the country’s sorrow, and the image of her comforting first responders with hugs became iconic.