Battle of Moscow, battle fought between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from September 30, 1941 to January 7, 1942, during World War II. It was the climax of Nazi Germany’s Operation Barbarossa, and it ended the Germans’ intention to capture Moscow, which ultimately doomed the Third Reich.
The German advance on Moscow in September 1941 was soon in trouble because of atrocious weather conditions. The Germans were also shocked by the Soviet Union’s ability to keep bringing forward more reserves: over the course of the battle 75 fresh Soviet divisions arrived, with no reinforcements to the German attacking force. Although some Nazi officers thought Moscow was unattainable, they had no choice but to press forward, because they had to end the war before the fierce winter set in.
German troops managed to encircle large Soviet forces at Viazma in October, but the Soviets still fought on, delaying the Nazi advance. German soldiers pierced the improvised defense lines on the approaches to Moscow and reached within 15 miles (24 km) of the city—they could see the cupolas of St. Basil’s Cathedral in Red Square in the distance. However, resistance kept stiffening. Joseph Stalin chose to stay in Moscow and appeared at the annual celebrations in Red Square, offering a morale boost to his people. Soon after, however, an SS tank division captured Borodino, close enough to Moscow that save for Stalin, who remained in Moscow until mid-November, the Soviet leadership evacuated to Kuybyshev (modern Samara) on the Volga River.
The Germans expanded the battlefront by bringing in a large Luftwaffe, or air force, contingent commanded by Wolfram von Richthofen, a cousin of the famed World War I ace Manfred von Richthofen. Opposing them was the elite Sixth Air Defense Corps, commanded by Ivan Klimov. Although the Soviets suffered heavy losses, which Klimov underreported to his superiors and Stalin, the intense aerial duels proved costly to the Germans as well, and with the arrival of inclement winter weather the air campaign abated.
In the late fall rainy season, German armored columns and supply trains were bogged down in mud, slowing the Wehrmacht’s advance. By early November, the German army, lacking winter clothing, suffered its first cases of frostbite, and soon Nazi soldiers had difficulty firing frozen guns. Although the armor could finally move forward on the icy ground, the German advance on Moscow halted on December 4. On December 5, Siberian troops newly transferred from the Chinese frontier attacked, many wearing the snow camouflage that the Germans would learn to fear. The Red Army had high hopes of this offensive, intending to encircle and destroy their attackers. They did not manage this, but they did drive back the Germans up to 155 miles (250 km) at some points. Nazi Germany had lost its chance for a quick victory. German losses during the Battle of Moscow totaled 250,000–400,000 dead or wounded, and the Red Army suffered 600,000–1,300,000 dead, wounded, or captured—that is, in a single battle the Russians suffered the number of deaths incurred during the entirety of World War II by the United States and the United Kingdom.
Regrouping, many elements of the German forces at Moscow joined other Wehrmacht units and turned to what Adolf Hitler and his generals hoped would be a less formidable target, Stalingrad.