Madame Chiang Kai-Shek on Chiang Kai-Shek

Madame Chiang Kai-shek (Soong Mei-ling) was a well-known Chinese political figure of the 20th century, who hailed from a prominent family. She was the second wife of Chinese President  Chiang Kai-shek, head of the Nationalist government in China from 1928 to 1949; her sister Soong Ch’ing-ling was the wife of Sun Yat-sen, first provisional president of the Republic of China (1911–12); and her brother T.V. Soong was a significant industrialist and official of the Nationalist Chinese government. She wrote the following piece, about the wartime years of her husband, for a Britannica work, 10 Eventful Years: A Record of Events of the Years Preceding, Including and Following World War II (1937 Through 1946), published in 1947.

Responsible Chinese civilian and military authorities were fully aware that China could not hope for victory in positional warfare. They deduced, however, from the trend of the world’s political currents that a total world war could not long be delayed and that China would have a better chance of success when like-minded nations were forced, by the logic of events, to perceive at last that China’s cause was their own. China could, meanwhile, make a valuable contribution to what it had long sensed would be another world war by keeping the Japanese at bay through guerrilla methods and, aided by time, space and the scorched earth policy, give the western powers time to prepare for what it felt to be inevitable. To make this contribution, nevertheless, entailed a terrible strain. The equipment of most of China’s troops was inadequate and semiobsolete, and the country was not organized to meet the demands of protracted hostilities. China had no navy, and only an embryo air force. It had practically no heavy industries, and such light industries as China possessed were in coastal regions that were bound to fall to the Japanese soon after war started. These industries were, moreover, mainly under foreign control. In effect, China had to make preparation for war after war had already begun and perform, metaphorically, the feat of making bricks without straw.

Nevertheless the morale and fighting qualities of the Chinese soldier as exemplified in the battles of Shanghai, Taierchwang, Changsha, Changteh and Kunlunkwan, and the battles in Burma came as a surprise to most western observers, who at first were almost unanimous in the belief that China would speedily be vanquished. China, however, had faith that its two priceless assets, the character and number of its people and the vast extent of its territory, would be decisive in a prolonged struggle, and that China would eventually emerge victorious. This inspired the national leader, Chiang Kai-shek, and the Chinese people to enter upon a struggle which, they were repeatedly told by friends and foes, was hopeless from the beginning. The miracle was that from 1937–41, China fought alone against the world’s third most powerful nation. Even after Pearl Harbor China received comparatively little military aid from the outside world. Soviet Russia, before waging war with Germany, did send some pilots, planes and other war matériel, but owing to the difficulties of transportation over the Old Silk route, no appreciable amount trickled in. The United States, through lend-lease arrangements, provided China with the equipment for the Flying Tigers, known as the American Volunteer group, organized under General Claire Chennault on Aug. 1, 1941. This famous group, which possessed only 75 semiobsolete planes, was of the greatest assistance in uplifting Chinese morale; for after having fought alone for four years, the Chinese army and people were physically, mentally and spiritually weary. The Flying Tigers patrolled the Burma road, protected Chinese cities from indiscriminate bombing and inflicted heavy losses on Japanese shipping.

After the joint declaration of the United Nations was signed on Jan. 1, 1942, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek became supreme commander of the Allied forces in the China theatre. Contrary to China’s hopes and expectations, Japan, instead of being checked, continued for some months to make incredible gains and advances in the Pacific. Three months after Pearl Harbor, Japan had severed China’s last good supply route—the Burma road. All ports and other roads leading to the outside world had long been lost. There remained only the highly hazardous and inadequate air route through Assam over the Himalayan mountains. War also dislocated seriously China’s internal communications. Of some 9,150 mi. of railway in China proper, sections of which had been feverishly constructed during the early phases of the war, all but one-tenth eventually fell into Japanese hands. This also held true of the interprovincial highways.

China’s contribution to the war effort which led to Japan’s surrender in 1945, can be summed up as follows: First, China held Japan’s military might at bay while giving the western powers time to prepare for the inevitable struggle. By 1945 China was holding 50 Japanese divisions in China proper, or two-fifths of the entire Japanese army, and 22 divisions in Manchuria. Second, although lacking even the elemental machinery and mechanized conveniences in everyday use in Europe and the United States, China built by human labour enormous airfields from which U.S. planes could take off to bomb Japanese installations and navy.