The Great American Songbook
The Great American Songbook, term given to a canon of American popular songs and enduring jazz standards written mainly during the first half of the 20th century. The Songbook is not a physical book, nor is there one definitive list of songs, songwriters, and performers included in its “pages.” Rather, it is a loosely defined canon of influential songs written by professional songwriters, including those in vaudeville and the Tin Pan Alley songwriting industry, largely for Broadway shows, other types of musical theatre, and Hollywood musicals. The bulk of the songs were written during an especially fruitful period of American songwriting, between 1920 and 1960. The songs considered to be part of the canon have been performed and enjoyed by generation after generation, long after they were first written. Among the Songbook’s gatekeepers are the Great American Songbook Foundation and the American Songbook Preservation Society.
It is difficult to predict which songs will eventually become part of the Songbook, since only time will tell. However, the songs that are considered to be part of the canon have several characteristics in common. The structure of the songs invites performers to interpret and reinterpret them with different tempos and moods. The songs have a “timeless” quality, a resonance that inspires listeners to respond to them, and they refer to universal emotions and situations. Many of the Songbook songs are about love or heartbreak, such as songwriter Ray Noble’s “The Very Thought of You” and songwriter Arthur Hamilton’s “Cry Me a River.” Others evoke nostalgia, joy, celebration, optimism in hard times, and a multitude of other human experiences and stories.
Among the important composers and lyricists whose work is included in the Great American Songbook are Duke Ellington, Jerome Kern, Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer, Dorothy Fields, Hoagy Carmichael, Fats Waller, and Stephen Sondheim. Some composers—such as Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Noël Coward—wrote both music and lyrics. Others worked in teams, one person writing music and one writing lyrics. George and Ira Gershwin, Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, and Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II are three such famous partnerships.
Because of the enduring popularity of Songbook songs, any list of the singers and musicians who brought them to life is bound to be incomplete. Among the luminaries who have enlivened the Songbook are Ella Fitzgerald—considered one of the greatest interpreters of the Songbook—as well as Fred Astaire, Rosemary Clooney, Nat King Cole, Sammy Davis, Jr., Judy Garland, Billie Holiday, Lena Horne, Dean Martin, Mel Tormé, Andy Williams, Bing Crosby, Doris Day, Peggy Lee, Johnny Mathis, Al Jolson, Margaret Whiting, Louis Armstrong, Sam Cooke, Sarah Vaughan, and Nina Simone. Musicians have created dazzling instrumental versions of some of the songs, including John Coltrane’s interpretation of Rodgers and Hammerstein’s “My Favorite Things” and Thelonious Monk’s adaptation of Irving Caesar and Vincent Youmans’s “Tea for Two.”
During the 1970s, interest in the Great American Songbook began to return, starting with Ringo Starr’s 1970 album Sentimental Journey. In 1972 Carmen McRae released The Great American Songbook, and Willie Nelson put his spin on the standards with the 1978 album Stardust. Five years later Linda Ronstadt released the first of her Songbook albums, What’s New.
In the 21st century, enthusiasm for the Songbook has grown. Joni Mitchell, Dinah Washington, Carly Simon, Rufus Wainwright, Bob Dylan, Paul McCartney, and Lady Gaga (dueting with Tony Bennett) are just a few of the artists who have reinterpreted the standards. Several contemporary artists have built their careers on reinterpreting the Songbook, including Harry Connick, Jr., Diana Krall, and Michael Bublé.
There is no scholarly consensus on when the period of the Great American Songbook begins and ends. Some enthusiasts argue that the period ended in 1950, while others claim that it ended when rock and roll began to gain popularity during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Still other observers contend that songs that belong in the Songbook canon have been written in every decade since the 1960s and are still being written today. Like the older songs, these newer songs have structures that invite reinterpretation, but they also have a more contemporary feel. Songwriters who are mentioned for inclusion in this new stage of the Songbook include two partnerships: composer Burt Bacharach and lyricist Hal David and lyricist Jerry Leiber and composer Mike Stoller. Other “New Songbook” songwriters and performers mentioned for inclusion are Carole King, Paul Simon, Joni Mitchell, and Billy Joel.