Encyclopædia Britannica First Edition: Dogs
The following is taken from the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1768–71), where it forms part of the first section of the article “Canis” in volume 2. Editor William Smellie adapted this material from the account in French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon’s Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (1749–88), a work that Smellie later translated into English.
From the structure of the teeth, it might be concluded a priori that the dog is a carnivorous animal. He does not however eat indiscriminately every kind of animal substance. There are some birds, as the colymbus arcticus, which the water-dog will lay hold of with keenness, but will not bring out of the water, because its smell is exceedingly offensive to him. He will not eat the bones of a goose, crow or hawk: But he devours even the putrid flesh of most other animals. He is possessed of such strong digestive powers, as to draw nourishment from the hardest bones. When flesh cannot be procured, he will eat fish, fruits, succulent herbs, and bread of all kinds. When oppressed with sickness, to which he is very subject, especially in the beginning of summer, in order to procure a puke, he eats the leaves of the quicken grass, the bearded wheat-grass, or the rough cock’s-foot-grass, which gives him immediate relief. When he steals a piece of flesh, as conscious of the immorality of the action, he runs off with his tail hanging and bent in betwixt his feet.
His drink is water, which he takes in small quantities at a time, by licking with his tongue. He is in some measure obliged to lick in this manner, otherwise his nose would be immersed in the water.
His excrements are generally hard scybals, which, especially after eating bones, are white, and go by the name of album græcum among physicians. This album græcum was for a long time in great repute as a septic; but it is now entirely disregarded. He does not throw out his excrements promiscuously upon everything that happens to be in the way, but upon stones, trunks of trees, or barren places. This is a wise institution of nature; for the excrements of a dog destroy almost every vegetable or animal substance. They are such a putrid nature, that if a man’s shoe touches them when recently expelled, that particular part will rot in a few days. He observes the same method in making his urine, which he throws out at a side. It is remarkable, that a dog will not pass a stone or a wall against which any other dog has pissed, without following his example, although a hundred should occur in a few minutes, in so much, that it is astonishing how such a quantity can be secreted in so short of time.
The dog is an animal not only of quick motion, but remarkable for traveling very long journeys. He can easily keep up with his master, either on foot or horseback, for a whole day. When fatigued, he does not sweat, but lolls out his tongue. Every kind of dog can swim; but the water-dog excels in that article.
The dog runs round when about to lie down, in order to discover the most proper situation. He lies generally on his breast, with his head turned to one side, and sometimes with his head above his two fore-feet. He sleeps little, and even that does not seem to be very quiet; for he often starts, and seems to hear with more acuteness in sleep than when awake. They have a tremulous motion in sleep, frequently move their legs, and bark, which is an indication of dreaming.
Dogs are possessed of the sensation of smelling in a high degree. They can trace their master by the smell of his feet in a church, or in the streets of a populous city. The sensation is not equally strong in every kind. The hound can trace game, or his master’s steps, twenty-four hours afterwards. He barks more furiously the nearer he approaches the fowls, unless he be beat and trained to silence.
With regard to the natural disposition of the dog: In a savage state, he is fierce, cruel, and voracious; but, when civilized and accustomed to live with men, he is possessed of every amiable quality. He seems to have no other desire than please and protect his master. He is gentle, obedient, submissive, and faithful. Those dispositions, joined to his almost unbounded sagacity, justly claim the esteem of mankind. Accordingly no animal is so much caressed or respected: He is so ductile, and so much formed to please, that he assumes the very air and temper of the family in which he resides.