The Last Supper, Italian Cenacolo, is a wall painting made by Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, probably between 1495 and 1498. Ludovico Sforza, the duke of Milan, commissioned it for the refectory of the Dominican monastery Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. The Last Supper depicts the scene in the Gospels in which Jesus declares that one of the Apostles will betray him. According to Leonardo’s belief that posture, gesture, and expression should manifest the “notions of the mind,” each of the 12 disciples reacts to the statement in a manner that Leonardo considered fit for that man’s personality. The result is a complex study of varied human emotion, rendered in a deceptively simple composition.
To create the painting, Leonardo tried an experimental technique using tempera or oil paint on two layers of dry preparatory ground. While this method gave Leonardo more time to paint than the traditional wall painting method of buon (“true”) fresco, it also meant that the pigments were not permanently attached to the wall, as they would have been with buon fresco. The painting consequently began to flake within a few years, and over the centuries it continued to deteriorate, sustaining damage from renovations, restorations, and warfare. The Last Supper underwent a 20-year restoration that was completed in 1999. Although Leonardo’s luminous color, soft modeling, and studied facial expressions have been lost, viewers can still observe his skill in depicting a sequential narrative, creating the illusion of space, and representing human psychology through gesture and posture.