The Oceti Sakowin, or Sioux, are an alliance of Native American peoples who speak three related Siouan languages: the Dakota-speaking Santee, the Nakota-speaking Yankton, and the Lakota-speaking Teton, each having lesser divisions. These peoples call themselves the Oceti Sakowin (“Seven Council Fires”). The name Sioux comes from the Ojibwa word nadouessioux (“adders”; i.e., “enemies”).
Before the mid-17th century the Ojibwa pushed the Dakota from the Lake Superior region to present-day southern and western Minnesota, displacing the Nakota and Lakota to present-day Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming. As horses became common on the Plains, the Lakota abandoned agriculture and adopted nomadic ways based on hunting bison, which figured prominently in Lakota religion. The Lakota traded bison products for corn and lived in teepees.
Oceti Sakowin culture emphasized valor in warfare, and the alliance resisted 19th-century incursions into its territory by white settlers. A failed Dakota uprising (1862) was followed by a more successful campaign led by Lakota chief Red Cloud (1864−67). After gold miners swarmed the Sioux Reservation in South Dakota’s Black Hills, Lakota and Cheyenne warriors vanquished George Custer and the U.S. 7th Cavalry in the Battle of the Little Bighorn (June 1876). Defeat of Native Americans in the Plains Wars forced most Lakota onto reservations. Responding to the supposed threat of the Ghost Dance religion, the cavalry massacred Lakota civilians at Wounded Knee (1890), later occupied by the American Indian Movement (1973). Today there are about 160,000 people of the Oceti Sakowin.