Pyramid of Quetzalcóatl, five-stepped temple pyramid—known as Pyramid B to archaeologists and commonly associated with the feathered serpent god, Quetzalcóatl—is perhaps the most impressive building of the ancient remains at Tula, Mexico. Built on a limestone ridge, this site is thought to be that of the great capital of the Toltec people, Tollan. Many believe that this was one of the major urban centers of Mesoamerica, flourishing in the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries CE, spreading across an area of about 5 square miles (13 sq km) with a population of some 30,000 to 50,000 people. The temple—the ceremonial heart of Tula—is positioned along one side of a large public plaza. Quetzalcóatl was a major deity in the ancient Americas, worshipped by the Maya and Aztecs, as well as the Toltecs, and seemingly associated at Tula with the morning and evening star.
The sides of this pyramid were clad with highly decorative sculptural friezes featuring imagery common to the ancient Americas, such as jaguars, serpents, and eagles. Most striking, however, are the four giant Toltec warrior figures carved from basalt and standing to attention across the pyramid’s summit. It is believed that these warriors supported the roof of a temple at the top of the pyramid. These figures and the pyramid—along with the other buildings at Tula— would have once been painted in vivid colors, making the capital a breathtaking sight. Such glories were relatively short-lived, however, as Tula was apparently destroyed in the mid-12th century, probably by the Chichimec people.
The site of ancient Tula continued to be occupied even into the colonial period, but archaeologists did not identify it as the Toltec capital until the mid-20th century. Though knowledge of the civilization at this site is scant, the Pyramid of Quetzalcóatl is compelling evidence of the vibrancy of ancient Tula.