beef cattle breeds

All modern domestic cattle are believed to belong to the species Bos taurus (European breeds such as Shorthorn and Jersey) or Bos indicus (Zebu breeds such as Brahman) or to be crosses of these two (such as Santa Gertrudis). Beef cattle breeds as they are known today did not always exist, and many are of recent origin to meet an increasing demand for beef. The various breeds were eventually established by years of careful selection and mating of animals to attain desired qualities, emphasizing traits such as disposition, fertility, weight, conformation, and hardiness. The British Isles led the world in the development of the principal beef breeds; Herefords, Angus, Beef Shorthorns, and Galloways all originated in either England or Scotland. Other breeds of greatest prominence today originated in India (Brahman), France (Charolais, Limousin, and Normandy), Switzerland (Simmental), Japan (Wagyu), and South Africa (Africander). See also livestock farming.

A comparison of selected breeds of beef cattle is provided in the following table.

Selected breeds of beef cattle

	name	distribution	characteristics	comments
	Angus, or Aberdeen-Angus	originally Scotland, now also United States, United Kingdom	hornless, black, compact, low-set	adapts well to varied climates
	Beefmaster	developed in Texas, 1908	red, usually with white spots	breed trademarked Lasater Beefmaster
	Belgian Blue	originally Belgium, now also United States	large with prominent muscles; straight back	hardy
	Belted Galloway	originally Galloway, southwest Scotland	usually black; distinctive white belt encircling body between shoulders and hooks	hardy; thrives in rigorous climate
	Brahman, or Zebu	originally India, now widespread	gray with large shoulder hump	extensively crossbred
	Brangus	developed in United States, 1930s	large, black, hornless; straight back	3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus
	Charolais	originally France, now also Mexico, United States	unusually large and white	much used for crossbreeding
	Chianina	originally Italy, now also North America	white; heavily muscled long legs	largest breed of cattle
	Hereford, whiteface	originally England, now also United Kingdom, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand	red and white; low-set and compact	popular beef breed
	Limousin	originally France, now also North America	red-gold; long-bodied; horned	uses feed efficiently
	Normande	originally France, now also South America	medium-sized; small head; coloured patches around eyes	dual-purpose breed
	Polled Hereford	originally United States, now widespread	muscular; hornless	mutation of the Hereford
	Santa Gertrudis	originally United States, now also Cuba, South America, Australia	deep red colour; horned	3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Shorthorn
	Shorthorn, or Durham	originally England, now almost every cattle-raising area	horned or hornless; red or roan	calves mature rapidly for market
	Simmental	originally Switzerland, now widespread	red and white; large; horned	extensively crossbred