Gliwice, city, Śląskie województwo (province), southern Poland. An old settlement of Upper Silesia, Gliwice was chartered in 1276 and became capital of the Gliwice principality in 1312. It passed first to Bohemia, then to the Habsburgs, and in 1742 was incorporated (as part of Silesia) with Prussia. It was not returned to Poland until after World War II.
Gliwice is a centre of heavy industry located on the Wrocław-Kraków rail line. The city’s industrial development began with the building of an iron foundry (1794) and a coke furnace (1798); the foundry became famous for specialized artistic castings. Other important economic activities include chemical production, food processing, and automobile manufacturing. The city’s inland port on the Gliwice Canal, Poland’s busiest port, ships Silesian exports via the Oder (Odra) River to the Baltic Sea. Gliwice has a polytechnical institute (1945) and a fine museum and is noted for its parks and landscape. Pop. (2011) 187,474.