Gujarat Plains, vast plains area of central Gujarat state, western India. The plains extend over about 12,800 square miles (33,000 square km) and are bounded by the desert fringe of Rajasthan state to the north, the hills of eastern Gujarat to the east, the Arabian Sea to the south, and the Kathiawar Peninsula to the west. The region is a projection of the alluvial Sindhu-Ganges Plains sloping from north to south and has an average elevation of about 80 feet (25 metres).
First settled by Dravidians and later by Aryans, the region was ruled successively in ancient times by Hindu dynasties and Shakas from Bactria. It passed to Muslim rule at the close of the 13th century ce, was later part of the Maratha kingdom, and then came under British control in the 19th century.
The plains are the outcome of extensive Pleistocene (from about 2,600,000 to 11,700 years ago) sedimentation and are drained by the Sabarmati, Mahi, Narmada, Tapi (Tapti), and Ambika rivers. Heavy flooding is common. Black soils occur in the west; elsewhere there are alluvial deposits and sandy loams. Forests consist mostly of acacia and teak. Agriculture is the economic mainstay; about one-sixth of India’s cotton and about two-fifths of its tobacco are grown in the plains. Other crops include cereal grains, peanuts (groundnuts), and oilseeds. Dairy farming is also important.
The Gujarat Plains are one of the most industrially developed areas in the country (after West Bengal and Maharashtra states) and produces textiles, diesel and gasoline engines, pumps, electrical equipment, iron and steel, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, cement, and clay building products. Ahmadabad is a centre of the cotton textile industry. Vadodara has a petroleum refinery and produces petrochemicals.