Hamilton, large burgh (town), South Lanarkshire council area, historic county of Lanarkshire, west-central Scotland, situated near the junction of Avon Water and the River Clyde, just southeast of the metropolitan complex of Glasgow. The area has been settled since prehistoric times. Cadzow Castle, 2 miles (3 km) southeast, was a royal residence from the 10th century. The town took its name in 1445 from the Hamilton family, to whom it was given by Robert I (the Bruce) after the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. It became a royal burgh in 1548 but surrendered its title in 1670. The discovery of coal caused great expansion of the town in the 19th century, and iron foundries and engineering works were established. By 1947, however, all the pits had stopped production. Hamilton is now mainly a commercial, residential, and administrative centre with some light engineering, textile, and food-processing plants. It is the centre for a considerable area of orchards, market gardens, and dairy farms. Pop. (2004 est.) 48,220.