insei, in Japanese history, rule by retired emperors who had taken Buddhist vows and retired to cloisters. During the late 11th and 12th centuries, governmental control of Japan passed from the Fujiwara family, which had maintained power through marriages to the imperial family, to cloistered emperors. By abdicating, these emperors escaped the control of Fujiwara regents and chancellors. Once inside a temple or monastery, they surrounded themselves with capable non-Fujiwara aristocrats. It was the edicts of the cloistered emperor, not the reigning one, that were obeyed, insofar as any orders were obeyed in a period of increasing collapse of central authority. The practice came to an end with the reign of the emperor Go-Daigo (1318–39). See also shōen.