İznik

İznik, town, northwestern Turkey. It lies on the eastern shore of Lake İznik.

Founded in the 4th century bce by the Macedonian king Antigonus I Monophthalmus, Nicaea was an important centre in late Roman and Byzantine times—notably as the site of two councils of the early Christian church (325 and 787 ce) and as an independent principality in the 13th century. The ancient city’s Roman and Byzantine ramparts, 14,520 feet (4,426 metres) in circumference, remain. The town was besieged and conquered in 1331 by the Ottoman Turks, who renamed it İznik and built the Green Mosque (1378–91).

İznik’s prosperity, which was interrupted by the competing growth of nearby Istanbul as an Ottoman centre after 1453, revived in the 16th century with the introduction of faience pottery making. İznik subsequently became famous for its magnificent tiles, but, after the workshops were transferred to Istanbul about 1700, İznik began to decline. Its economy suffered a further blow with the construction of a major railway bypassing the town. Today İznik is a small market town and administrative centre for the surrounding district. Pop. (2000) 20,169; (2013 est.) 22,507.