kenning, concise compound or figurative phrase replacing a common noun, especially in Old Germanic, Old Norse, and Old English poetry. A kenning is commonly a simple stock compound such as “whale-path” or “swan road” for “sea,” “God’s beacon” for “sun,” or “ring-giver” for “king.”
Many kennings are allusions that become unintelligible to later generations. A non-Germanic analogue is the Homeric epithet—e.g., “rosy-fingered dawn.” See also skaldic poetry.
The term is a derivative of the Old Norse kenna, “to perceive,” “to know,” or “to name.”