Khalistan, in Sikh political ideology, autonomous Sikh homeland.
The declaration of the Khālsā by Gurū Gobind Singh in 1699 and the religio-political vision that came with it fired the Sikh imagination with the belief that it was their God-given right to rule the Punjab. In 1710, under the leadership of Bandā Singh Bahādur (d. 1716), Sikh forces captured Sirhind, the most powerful Mughal administrative center between Delhi and Lahore, and established a capital in nearby Mukhlispur (“City of the Purified”). They struck coins, designed an official seal, and issued letters of command invoking the authority of God and of the Gurūs. The belief that “the Khālsā shall rule” (rāj karegā Khālsā) was formally added to Sikh liturgical prayer at the time, and it remains an indivisible part of it. Although the Khālsā Rāj under Bandā Singh was short-lived, the idea found its realization in the early 19th century in the form of the kingdom of Maharaja Ranjīt Singh (1780–1839). Though the subsequent rapid decline of the Khālsā Rāj and its final loss to the British (1849) was a painful experience, it failed to extinguish many Sikhs’ hope that the Khālsā Raj would yet return in some form.
In the protracted negotiations that preceded the partition of the Punjab in 1947 the idea of an independent Sikh state figured prominently. The Sikh population’s lack of numerical strength in relation to other residents of the Punjab made this an unviable proposition, but it has resurfaced in various forms since. In the 1970s and ’80s a violent secessionist movement to create Khalistan paralyzed the Punjab for a decade. It received support from the All India Sikh Students’ Federation and was led most effectively by Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. The movement failed for a complex set of reasons, but the idea of a state of the Khālsā continues to be invoked twice a day in gurdwārās (temples), as Sikhs mention in prayer their responsibility to rule.