Ladakh
Ladakh, large area of the northern and eastern Kashmir region, northwestern Indian subcontinent. Administratively, Ladakh is divided between Pakistan (northwest), as part of Gilgit-Baltistan, and India (southeast), as part of Ladakh union territory (until October 31, 2019, part of Jammu and Kashmir state); in addition, China administers portions of northeastern Ladakh.
Ladakh covers about 45,000 square miles (117,000 square km) and contains the Ladakh Range, which is a southeastern extension of the Karakoram Range, and the upper Indus River valley. Ladakh is one of the highest regions of the world. Its natural features consist mainly of high plains, deep valleys, rivers, lakes, and a series of mountain passes such as Umling La, through which runs the world’s highest drivable road. The high plain predominates in the east, diminishing gradually toward the west. In southeastern Ladakh lies Rupshu, an area of large, brackish lakes, among them the popular tourist destination of Tso Moriri, with a uniform elevation of about 13,500 feet (4,100 meters). To the northwest of Rupshu lies the Zanskar Range, an inaccessible region where the people and the cattle remain indoors for much of the year because of the cold. Zanskar is drained by the Zanskar River, which, flowing northward, joins the Indus River below Leh.
In the heart of Ladakh, farther to the north, cultivation by means of manuring and irrigation is practiced by farmers living in valley villages at elevations between about 9,000 and 15,000 feet (2,750 and 4,550 meters). Shepherds tend flocks in the upland valleys that are too high for cultivation. Leh, the most accessible town of Ladakh, is an important trade center located 160 miles (260 km) east of Srinagar.
The climate of Ladakh is cold and dry. Average annual precipitation is roughly 3 inches (80 mm); fine, dry, flaked snow is frequent and sometimes falls heavily. In recent years Ladakh has experienced unusually high temperatures and unpredictable rainfall between May and September due to climate change. This has led to an increase in flash floods and landslides in the region. Vegetation is confined to valleys and sheltered spots, where a stunted growth of tamarisk (genus Tamarix) shrubs, furze (also called gorse; spiny plants of the legume family), and other plants supply much-needed firewood. Poplars and fruit trees such as apricot have been planted in certain areas, such as around Leh. The principal products are wheat, barley, millet, buckwheat, peas, beans, and turnips. Woolen cloth and other textiles are the primary manufactures.
Ladakh has been contested by India and Pakistan since the dissolution of British India in 1947; after the ceasefire agreement of 1949, its southeastern portion went to India and the remainder to Pakistan. The region has been the site of several border skirmishes since; in 1999 India and Pakistan fought the Kargil War with Pakistani fighters eventually withdrawing from India-administered territory they had infiltrated. The Siachen Glacier, situated in the Karakoram Range, is claimed by both India and Pakistan. China gained control of its portion of Ladakh when its forces entered the region in the early 1960s. In 2020 Indian and Chinese soldiers clashed in a confrontation at the Galwan river valley in northeastern Ladakh.