Sergio Leone
Sergio Leone (born January 3, 1929, Rome, Italy—died April 30, 1989, Rome) was an Italian motion-picture director who was known primarily for his popularization of the “spaghetti western,” a subgenre of movies that were made in Italy but set in the 19th-century American West.
The son of a film industry pioneer and an actress, Leone became involved in Italian filmmaking at an early age. He worked for years as an assistant to Italian directors as well as American directors—such as Fred Zinnemann, Robert Wise, William Wyler, and Raoul Walsh—who were working in Italy.
Leone was a second-unit director on a number of productions and collaborated as a screenwriter for Nel segno di Roma (1959; Sheba and the Gladiator) and Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei (1959; The Last Days of Pompeii). He chose Il Colosso di Rodi (1961; The Colossus of Rhodes), a pseudo-historical epic, for his directing debut. Per un pugno di dollari (1964; A Fistful of Dollars), his second film, was the first of his stylized violent westerns. It was based on Akira Kurosawa’s Yojimbo (1961) and starred Clint Eastwood as a stoic and ruthless antihero. A huge success, A Fistful of Dollars made Eastwood an international movie star and led to two sequels: Per qualche dollaro in più (1965; For a Few Dollars More) and Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo (1966; The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly). The last film of the trilogy is regarded as the best and is often described as a masterpiece, as is C’era una volta il West (1968; Once upon a Time in the West), which starred Henry Fonda and Charles Bronson and was filmed in Utah and Arizona. These films were extremely successful financially, attracting large audiences throughout the world. At first they were poorly received by critics, but Leone was eventually recognized for his meticulous care for historical accuracy and his powerful sense of visual composition. His last western, Giù la testa (1971; Duck, You Sucker, later released as A Fistful of Dynamite), set during the Mexican Revolution, received less notice but came to be viewed as equally worthy. The last film he completed was Once upon a Time in America (1984), a grand-scale and somber drama about Jewish gangsters in New York City who encounter greed, betrayal, and regret.