Li Peng
Li Peng (born October 20, 1928, Chengdu, Sichuan province, China—died July 22, 2019, Beijing) was the premier of China from 1988 to 1998 and, from 1998 to 2003, chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPC).
The son of writer Li Shuoxun, who was executed by the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) in 1930, Li Peng from 1939 was cared for by Deng Yingchao, the wife of Zhou Enlai, and went to the communists’ military base at Yan’an in 1941. In 1948 Li was sent to Moscow, where he studied at the Moscow Power Institute. He returned to China in 1955. From 1955 to 1979 he supervised a number of major electrical power projects in China, and between 1979 and 1983 he served as vice-minister and minister of the power industry and first vice-minister of water resources and electric power. In June 1983 he was appointed vice-premier by the National People’s Congress. He also rose through the ranks of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), joining the Central Committee in 1982 and becoming an elected member of the Political Bureau (Politburo) and the Secretariat of the CCP 12th Central Committee in 1985. In 1987 Li became a member of the powerful Standing Committee of the Political Bureau. In April 1988 he was chosen to succeed Zhao Ziyang as premier after the latter had assumed the post of general secretary of the CCP.
Li advocated a cautious approach to economic liberalization, and his chief concern was the maintenance of economic and political stability under the direction of the central government. When massive student protests calling for economic reforms and more democratic government broke out at Tiananmen Square in Beijing in April 1989, Li was foremost among those advocating the demonstrators’ suppression by force if necessary. He won the support of Deng Xiaoping for his stance, and on May 20 he declared martial law in Beijing. In early June Li sent the armed forces into central Beijing to put an end to the demonstrations, with the consequent heavy loss of life.
As premier, Li oversaw the functioning of the central government and carried out the policies of Deng Xiaoping, China’s paramount leader, and Jiang Zemin, the general secretary of the CCP. Li was reappointed to a second five-year term as premier in 1993. During his long premiership the Chinese economy continued to grow at a rapid rate, with the GDP rising by almost 10 percent a year and living standards improving accordingly. Private enterprise steadily expanded and began to assume the dominant role in the economy, while the first steps were taken to stop subsidizing the large, inefficient state-owned enterprises that had become a drag on China’s continued growth. Despite Li’s success in managing the economy, he remained personally unpopular with a large segment of the Chinese people because of his part in the violent suppression of the Tiananmen demonstrations in 1989. On July 1, 1997, he oversaw with President Jiang Zemin the transfer of the British crown colony of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty, ending 156 years of British rule.
Upon the expiration of his second term as premier (the maximum allowed under the constitution), Li in 1998 was appointed to serve as chairman of the Standing Committee of the NPC. He also kept his seat on the standing committee of the Political Bureau, thereby remaining one of the most powerful figures in both the party and government. Li resigned from his party posts in 2002 and stepped down from the NPC in 2003.