Libanius (born ad 314, Antioch, Syria—died 393) was a Greek Sophist and rhetorician whose orations and letters are a major source of information on the political, social, and economic life of Antioch and of the eastern part of the Roman Empire in the 4th century.
After beginning his teaching career in Constantinople and Nicomedia, Libanius went to Antioch (354), where his school soon became famous. Devoted to the Classical authors in both teaching and writing, he tried to maintain the Greek tradition, and, as a friend of the emperor Julian, he attempted to live and write as though Christianity did not exist, though he knew and esteemed individual Christians—among whom were probably St. Basil and St. John Chrysostom. Libanius’s works include more than 50 orations of various types, of which the first is especially famous for its autobiographical character. Also surviving are about 50 declamations and other writings intended for use in schools (progymnasmata), as well as more than 1,500 letters of great historical interest.