lithium, in pharmacology, drug that is the primary treatment for bipolar disorder. Given primarily in its carbonate form, lithium is highly effective in dissipating a manic episode and in calming the individual, although its action in this regard may take several weeks. When given on a long-term maintenance basis, lithium can prevent both manic and depressive mood swings or can drastically reduce their severity. It can also suppress the psychotic features sometimes exhibited in individuals with bipolar disorder. The drug’s mode of action is unknown. Side effects of its use include increased urination, tremors, diarrhea, nausea, drowsiness, and, at higher concentrations, convulsions, coma, and death.