Lorenzo Monaco

Lorenzo Monaco (born c. 1372, Italy—died c. 1424, Florence) was an artist who was the last great exponent of late Gothic painting in what is now Italy. Lorenzo Monaco’s output and stylistic interests (incorporating the gold-leaf background typical of Byzantine art) represent the final gasp of gold-ground brilliance in Florentine art.

Lorenzo Monaco was the acquired name of the Florentine painter Piero di Giovanni, who worked in Florence for almost 30 years, from the middle of the 1390s until his death about 1424. In 1390 he entered the strictly cloistered Camaldolese monastery of Santa Maria degli Angeli, a seat of Florentine culture and an institution popular with the city’s political elite. Taking the name Don Lorenzo, he concentrated on his religious studies from 1390 until 1395 or 1396, when he left the cloister to pursue a career as a painter—a trade for which he presumably already had been trained as a teenager before his decision to enter the monastic profession.

Lorenzo’s earliest works as an independent artist appear to have been miniatures painted in choral books produced by (and, in some cases, for) his brethren in Santa Maria degli Angeli during the last quarter of the 14th century. These fairly large miniatures, some ranging over 5 inches (about 13 cm), appear to have been produced about 1396. They generally feature individual saints and prophets, placed alongside liturgical texts dedicated to the feast days observed in their honour. Unlike many manuscript illuminations produced for lay readers in private devotional books, Lorenzo’s paintings had to be large enough to be seen from some distance, as the antiphonaries (books containing the chants to be sung) for Santa Maria degli Angeli were placed on lecterns high over the heads of the monks who used them to sing their chants. Lorenzo periodically returned to the task of miniature painting and produced impressive pictures for the choir books of the Angeli and the church of Sant’Egidio near Santa Maria Nuova hospital.

Lorenzo Monaco is, however, best known for the large and sumptuous panel paintings he produced for Santa Maria degli Angeli and a few other select monastic institutions in Florence. (Indeed, most of his works were intended for fellow religious like himself.) Sometime during the latter half of the 1390s, he painted the Agony in the Garden, a subject rarely selected for a panel picture. In 1398–99 he worked on a now-lost altarpiece for a chapel owned by the Confraternity of the Bigallo in the Carmelite church of Santa Maria del Carmine. He painted and inscribed with the date of 1404 a panel with a lunette-shaped top bearing the increasingly popular image of the Man of Sorrows (also known as the Vir Dolorum or the Arma Christi). He completed an altarpiece of the Virgin and Child Enthroned in 1410 for a local monastery called Monte Oliveto, and he produced a variety of smaller devotional pictures of Madonnas in various formats for unknown owners.

Lorenzo Monaco’s most important and influential work was his Coronation of the Virgin, signed and dated in February 1413, which was installed on the high altar of Santa Maria degli Angeli. This enormous ensemble, measuring about 510 × 450 cm (200 × 175 inches, or more than 16 × 14 feet), features the frequently depicted theme of the Crowning of the Virgin Mary by Christ, the two of them enthroned in their celestial court and surrounded by a large group of saints. In this painting, now at the Uffizi in Florence, Lorenzo used verbal-visual references to connect the picture’s subject to the institution and viewers for whom it was made. The angels surrounding Mary, for example, represent “Santa Maria degli Angeli,” while the individual saints that flank the throne represent the saints for whom the monastery’s chapels and altars were named. The combination of Lorenzo’s calligraphic and colouristic approaches to figures and scenes has made this monument the most important achievement of his career and unquestionably the most important painting produced in Florence during the first two decades of the 15th century.

A number of other liturgical pictures were commissioned by local religious communities. A second Coronation was made for the Camaldolese church of San Benedetto Fuori della Porta a Pinti. (The date of this picture is in dispute; it may have been installed as early as 1409—i.e., before the more famous version—or as late as 1416.) An Annunciation with Saints Catherine of Alexandria, Anthony Abbot, Proculus, and Francis was completed about 1415, perhaps for a local church called San Procolo. The Adoration of the Magi was painted for Sant’Egidio just after 1420. At the end of his life, Lorenzo Monaco and his assistants produced a fresco cycle and altarpiece dedicated to scenes from the Life and Legends of the Virgin for the Bartolini-Salimbeni chapel in the church of Santa Trinità. In all of these later works, the painter chose to produce figures of an increasingly mannered appearance, and he came to prefer elongated and elegant figures ornamented with brightly coloured garments. The ethereal landscapes and architectural forms grew more fantastical as Lorenzo advanced in age; the more naturalistic approaches to painting and sculpture found in the works of his younger contemporaries, such as sculptors Donatello and Lorenzo Ghiberti and painter Gentile da Fabriano, failed to interest him.

At the time of Lorenzo’s death, he was residing in a home that he had leased from his former brethren in Santa Maria degli Angeli, which was located across the street from the main street entrance to the monastic church. He was buried in the chapter house, an unusual honour reserved for only a very few of the monks who lived there.