Louth

Louth, county, in the province of Leinster, northeastern Ireland. The smallest county in area in Ireland, it is bounded by Northern Ireland (north), the Irish Sea (east), County Meath (south and west), and County Monaghan (northwest). Dundalk, in northern Louth, is the county town (seat), and there is a county manager.

Most of Louth is part of a central lowland, generally about 200 feet (60 metres) above sea level, and occurrences of glacial drift are found everywhere. Only one-eighth of the county is unimproved land, of which the largest stretch is in the mountains of the Carlingford Peninsula in the northeast. Many patches of peat bog have been cleared and the land used for pasture and crops.

About two-thirds of the population live in towns, especially Dundalk and Drogheda, both urban districts and seaports. Local agriculture is transitional between the small farm regimes in adjacent areas of Northern Ireland and the large grazing farms of Meath. Major crops include oats and vegetables. There is some light industry, but it is generally limited to the production of beer, textiles, and food products. Tourism has become an increasingly important source of income.

The kingdom of Oriel, established in the 4th century and comprising Louth, Monaghan, and Armagh, was conquered by Anglo-Norman invaders, and in 1185 Prince (later King) John annexed the barony of Louth to the English crown. Under Richard II, late in the 14th century, Louth was included in the English Pale. The towns of Drogheda and Dundalk became important, and parliaments were sometimes held in them. In Tudor times (16th century) Dundalk was used as a marshalling place for armies that advanced north into Ulster through a nearby gap in the hills (Moyry Pass). Notable relics of the monastic period of the Celtic church are in Mellifont and Monasterboice. Castles of the Anglo-Norman era are relatively numerous. Area 319 square miles (826 square km). Pop. (2006) 111,267; (2011) 122,897.