Luanda
Luanda, city, capital of Angola. Located on the Atlantic coast of northern Angola, it is the country’s largest city and one of its busiest seaports. Founded in 1576 by Paulo Dias de Novais and initially settled by the Portuguese, Luanda became the administrative centre of the Portuguese colony of Angola in 1627 and was a major outlet for slave traffic to Brazil. The city is regarded as the capital of the Mbundu peoples, who have their roots in the surrounding area.
Luanda has a warm equable climate. The surrounding region fronts a tropical coastal plain that gives way to a tableland dissected and drained by the Cuanza River and other coastal streams. Cambambe Dam, 110 miles (177 km) to the southeast on the Cuanza, supplies power to Luanda. Skyscrapers and wide avenues give Luanda a modern appearance. The higher part of the city, consisting of the outlying districts, is generally poverty-ridden, and the lower is commercial and industrial. The city is the seat of a Roman Catholic archdiocese and is home to Agostinho Neto University (1963) and the Catholic University of Angola (1997). The National Library of Angola and the National Historic Archive are also located there, as are several museums.
Most of Luanda’s sizable Portuguese population left the city before Angola was granted independence from Portugal in 1975. The city’s population swelled dramatically during Angola’s civil war (1975–2002)—especially after 1992—as refugees fled from warfare in rural areas. Luanda has historically had difficulties with maintaining a clean and accessible water supply, and decades of war and insecurity exacerbated the situation. The influx of new residents completely overwhelmed the capacity of the city’s public services, such as sewage treatment and trash collection. Even in the years following the civil war, Luanda was still vulnerable to frequent outbreaks of cholera and other diseases stemming from a lack of potable water.
Luanda is an industrial centre; manufactures include beverages, automotive products, and cement. Petroleum was discovered nearby in 1955, and there is a refinery at the north end of Luanda Bay. Agricultural products produced in the area include coffee, cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds, and palm oil and kernels; cattle raising is locally important. In addition to the city’s port facilities, Luanda is served by an international airport and the Luanda Railway, which has its eastern terminus in Malanje (378 miles [608 km] away). Pop. (2014) 6,759,313; (2022 est.) 8,860,000.