Mahilyow, city and administrative centre of Mahilyow oblast (region), east-central Belarus, on the Dnieper River. It was founded in 1267 as a fortress and became a town in 1526, when it was under Lithuanian rule. Later passing to Poland, it became Russian by the First Partition of Poland, in 1772. In 1812 a major engagement with Napoleon’s troops took place outside the town. Mahilyow was long a significant trading centre, and its importance was much enhanced by the coming of the railway in 1904. Serious damage was inflicted in World War II, but four churches of the 16th and 17th centuries have survived. Modern Mahilyow is a major industrial city, producing synthetic fibres, industrial equipment, electric motors, and a range of consumer goods. Mahilyow has teacher-training and machine-building institutes. Pop. (2006 est.) 367,700.