Mandalay, city, north-central Myanmar (Burma), the second largest in the country (after Yangon [Rangoon]). Located on the Irrawaddy River, it lies at the centre of mainland Myanmar and is the focus of regional communications and trade and transportation routes.
Mandalay was built mainly in 1857–59 by King Mindon to replace Amarapura as his capital. It was the last capital of the Myanmar kingdom and fell to British troops in November 1885. During World War II the city was occupied by the Japanese and was almost completely destroyed, sustaining the heaviest damage during a 12-day siege in March 1945, when it was retaken by the British Fourteenth Army commanded by General Sir William Slim.
Buddhists are a majority in Mandalay, which is said to represent “the indestructible heart of Myanmar.” As an important Buddhist religious centre, it is the home of large numbers of monks (hpongyi). The core of the city includes the moated citadel of Fort Dufferin, the ruins of the royal palace (Nandaw), numerous temples and monasteries, and the old British Government House. Mandalay Hill, northeast of the cantonment near the river, is the location of relatively recent monasteries, pagodas, and monuments. At its foot are the 730 pagodas, or Kuthodaw (“Works of Royal Merit”), authorized by King Mindon as a result of the Fifth Buddhist Council. Buddhist scriptures, regarded by Myanmar Buddhists as orthodox texts, are recorded on 729 white marble tablets, and the tablets are set up in a square, each tablet protected by a small pagoda. The 730th pagoda is a conventional temple occupying the centre of the square. The Mahamuni, or Arakan, pagoda, south of the city, is often considered Mandalay’s most famous. Its brass Buddha (12 feet [3.7 metres] high), believed to be of great antiquity, is one of numerous spoils of war brought from the Arakan Coast in 1784 by King Bodawpaya. The city proper, west of the palace, is laid out in a gridiron pattern. Its famous Zegyo bazaar is the largest of many markets that attract artisans and farmers from throughout the country. The Shwe Kyimyint pagoda, built by King Minshinsaw in 1167, is among the many fine pagodas in that part of the city.
Industries include tea packing, silk weaving, brewing and distilling, jade cutting, brass and copper casting, and gold-leaf work. Matches, wood carvings, and goldware and silverware are also produced. Mandalay is linked by train and air south to Yangon and north to Myitkyinā and to Lashio, where the Burma Road begins. The nearby towns of Ava, Amarapura, and Sagaing are suburbs of Mandalay.
The Arts and Science University, formerly affiliated with Yangon University, attained independent status in 1958. Other educational facilities include a teacher-training college, agricultural, medical, and technical institutes, a technical high school, and a school of fine arts, music, and drama. The city also has a museum and a hospital. The country’s only daily newspapers outside Yangon are published there.
The surrounding area is wooded (bamboo) and well watered by the Myitnge and Magyi (Madaya) rivers. The Saygin Hills near Madaya yield alabaster, which is carved into Buddha images in Mandalay. The plains area is part of Myanmar’s dry zone. There is considerable irrigation; the Mandalay Canal irrigates 90,000 acres (36,400 hectares). Mingun, just north of Mandalay, has one of the world’s largest ringing bells, weighing about 70 tons. Pop. (2004 est.) 1,176,900.