marabout, originally, in North Africa, member of a Muslim religious community living in a ribāṭ, a fortified monastery, serving both religious and military functions. Men who possessed certain religious qualifications, such as the reciters of the Qurʾān (qurrāʾ), transmitters of Hadith (muḥaddithūn), jurists of Islamic law (fuqahāʾ), and ascetics, lived in the ribāṭ and were held in honour by the common people. When Islam spread to western Africa in the 12th century, its propagators became known as al-Murābiṭūn (Almoravids), and every missionary who organized a group of disciples became known as a murābiṭ. In the 14th century, when Sufism (mysticism) pervaded Muslim religious life, the murābiṭ, in the Maghrib, came to be the designation for any preacher calling for the formation of Sufi fraternities according to the “order” (ṭarīqah) of Abū Madyan. Thus, the word lost all trace of its original literal meaning of military defense, and in Algeria murābiṭ came to be used for the tomb, usually domed, in which a pious man is buried.