Miskolc, city of county status and seat of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén megye (county), northeastern Hungary. It lies in the valley of the Szinva, a small tributary of the Sajó River, on the eastern margin of the Avas Hills, which form part of the Bükk limestone plateau. Caves in the limestone hills were inhabited from prehistoric times, and Germanic tribes, Sarmatians, and Avars later lived in the area. From the time of the Hungarian conquest in the 10th century, its history has been linked with a small iron field and with Diósgyőr, farther up the Szinva River valley, which in the 14th and 15th centuries was a regular retreat for royalty; its splendid castle is now largely in ruins. The long-established wealth and importance of Miskolc are apparent in some fine old buildings, including St. Stephen’s, a 13th-century Gothic church, the National Theatre, the Protestant church, a Minorite church and monastery, and the Reformed Church of Avas and its bell tower.
The economy of Miskolc, the chief city of the Borsod-Miskolc industrial region, and of the region as whole has undergone major changes since the end of the communist era. Whereas once the economy was driven by steelmaking and chemical manufacture, it is increasingly focused on lighter industries. In the early 21st century the county’s most prominent industries included electronics, engineering, the automotive industry, and food processing. Research and development have grown in importance and benefited from the support provided by the University of Miskolc.
The Miskolc municipal district extends for several miles up the Szinva valley to the boundary with Heves county. Newer residential districts in Miskolc are located on the Sajó River plain. The Talpoca district is renowned for the healing powers of its thermal springs, most notably the Cave Bath, which opened in 1959. The Borsod industrial district follows the Sajó River valley and includes Diósgyőr—which developed rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is now part of Miskolc proper— Kzincbarcika, and Borsodnádasd
Miskolc has rail and road connections with Budapest, 90 miles (145 km) to the southwest, and with eastern Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, and Ukraine. Pop. (2011) 167,754; (2017 est.) 157,177.