Margaret Mitchell
Margaret Mitchell (born November 8, 1900, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.—died August 16, 1949, Atlanta) was an American author of the enormously popular novel Gone With the Wind (1936). The novel earned Mitchell a National Book Award and a Pulitzer Prize, and it was the source of the classic film of the same name released in 1939.
Mitchell grew up in a family of storytellers who regaled her with firsthand accounts of their experiences during the American Civil War, which had ended just 35 years before her birth. An active tomboy, she played in the earthen fortifications that still surrounded her hometown of Atlanta and often went horseback riding with Confederate veterans. She also was a voracious reader and wrote numerous stories and plays throughout her youth.
Mitchell graduated from Atlanta’s Washington Seminary in 1918 and enrolled at Smith College in Massachusetts. When her mother died the following year, Mitchell returned to Atlanta to keep house for her father and brother. Bored with her domestic duties and the Atlanta social scene, she characterized herself as a “dynamo going to waste.” In 1921 she caused a scandal by performing a risqué dance at a local debutante ball.
In 1922 Mitchell wed Berrien Upshaw, but the marriage quickly soured amid allegations of his alcoholism and physical abusiveness. They separated, and with the assistance of John Marsh, who had been best man at her wedding, Mitchell accepted a position as a reporter for the Atlanta Journal Sunday Magazine. In the summer of 1925, Mitchell and Marsh married.
In the spring of 1926, an ankle injury, aggravated by arthritis, led her to resign from the newspaper. She turned her attention to writing a novel about the Civil War and Reconstruction from a Southern point of view. She set the story in her native Georgia because she knew so much of its history from the family tales she had heard growing up; she also felt that Virginia had received too much attention in previous Civil War narratives. As originally drafted, the novel featured Pansy O’Hara, a spoiled and strong-willed coquette who comes of age just as her family’s life on a cotton plantation is ravaged by war. Over a period of nine years, Mitchell worked at her novel sporadically, composing episodes out of sequence and often drafting multiple versions of single scenes.
The manuscript came to the attention of the Macmillan publishing company through the recommendation of its associate editor Lois Dwight Cole, a close friend of Mitchell’s. Cole had not yet read the unnamed and unfinished novel but had confidence in Mitchell’s storytelling ability and convinced Harold Latham, Macmillan’s editor in chief, that it was sure to be worth reading. On a visit to Atlanta in the spring of 1935, Latham persuaded Mitchell to submit her work in progress for consideration.
Although Mitchell’s submission consisted of a disorganized collection of draft chapters, the Macmillan company saw potential in her writing and, that summer, offered her a publishing contract. Underestimating the work that would be required to complete the novel, Mitchell agreed to have it ready for publication the following spring. She spent the next seven months in a frantic state as she endeavoured to complete the narrative, fact-check each of the historical details referenced in the novel, and decide on a title. Macmillan liked Tomorrow Is Another Day, while Mitchell preferred Gone With the Wind, based on a line in Ernest Dowson’s poem “Cynara” (formally, “Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae sub Regno Cynarae,” published in 1891). She also was eager to find a better name for Pansy and proposed Scarlett as a replacement. Cole initially rejected the suggestion, but she eventually agreed to let it stand.
Mitchell’s novel was published as Gone With the Wind on June 30, 1936. Scarlett’s story of survival amid the brutalities of war and its aftermath struck a chord with readers around the world. Fifty thousand copies were sold in one day; within six months, one million copies had been printed. The book went on to sell more copies than any other novel in U.S. publishing history. By the turn of the 21st century, more than 30 million copies had been sold worldwide in more than 40 languages.
Within a month of the novel’s release, Mitchell sold the motion-picture rights to producer David O. Selznick for $50,000, the highest amount ever paid to a debut novelist at the time. Mitchell later bristled at rumours that Selznick had been willing to pay $100,000 and that other producers had offered to acquire the rights from him for $150,000. She also was displeased about the shoddy wording of the contract she had signed with Selznick. Though unwilling to admit she had made a mistake by selling the rights so quickly, Mitchell resented the situation. She also worried that the film would not be true to her novel or live up to public expectations. To Selznick’s dismay, she declined to be publicly associated with the movie’s production.
The film, starring Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable, premiered in Atlanta on December 15, 1939, after an unprecedented period of advance promotion, including the highly publicized search for an actress to play Scarlett. The movie was an immediate box-office smash and, at the 1940 Academy Awards ceremony, won 8 of the 13 Oscars for which it was nominated and two special awards. In gratitude, Selznick offered to give the author his Academy Award for best picture. She declined but, in 1942, did accept a bonus payment of $50,000 that he sent her as a gesture of appreciation. For almost three decades, numerous rereleases in the United States and abroad kept the film atop the list of all-time moneymakers.
After the book’s initial launch, Mitchell declined to make any promotional appearances and, beginning in 1937, to sign any more copies of the book (subject to occasional exceptions for foreign editions). As a result, she developed a reputation for being a recluse overwhelmed by her celebrity status. In reality, Mitchell simply disliked the spotlight and felt her time was better spent responding to the thousands of fan letters she received and managing what quickly became an international publishing empire. She spent a substantial portion of her time pursuing legal actions against foreign publishers who produced unauthorized or substandard editions of the novel. Her efforts to protect her literary rights overseas called attention to the inadequacy of copyright protections for American authors and inspired Congress to enact legislative improvements.
For many years after Gone With the Wind’s release, Mitchell insisted that, because of the disruption the book caused in her life, she had no intention of ever writing again. By the late 1940s, though, much of the excitement had waned, and she was considering ideas for a new novel. On August 11, 1949, Mitchell was crossing the street on her way to a movie theatre when she was struck by a speeding car. She suffered extensive internal injuries, including a skull fracture, and died five days later. Her death was lamented in newspapers around the world; U.S. Pres. Harry S. Truman lauded Mitchell as “an artist who gave the world an eternal book.”
Decades after Mitchell’s death, her estate authorized novelist Alexandra Ripley to write Scarlett: The Sequel to Margaret Mitchell’s Gone With the Wind (1991), which was an international best seller but panned by critics. In 2001 Mitchell’s estate, claiming copyright infringement, sued to block the publication of Alice Randall’s The Wind Done Gone (2001), a parodic sequel to Gone With the Wind told from a former slave’s perspective. The case was settled out of court. Mitchell’s estate later authorized two additional derivative novels: Rhett Butler’s People (2007) and Ruth’s Journey (2014), both of which were written by historical novelist Donald McCaig.