Mohs hardness, rough measure of the resistance of a smooth surface to scratching or abrasion, expressed in terms of a scale devised (1812) by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs. The Mohs hardness of a mineral is determined by observing whether its surface is scratched by a substance of known or defined hardness.
To give numerical values to this physical property, minerals are ranked along the Mohs scale, which is composed of 10 minerals that have been given arbitrary hardness values. The minerals contained in the scale are shown in the Table; also shown are other materials that approximate the hardness of some of the minerals. As is indicated by the ranking in the scale, if a mineral is scratched by orthoclase but not by apatite, its Mohs hardness is between 5 and 6. In the determination procedure it is necessary to be certain that a scratch is actually made and not just a “chalk” mark that will rub off. If the species being tested is fine-grained, friable, or pulverulent, the test may only loosen grains without testing individual mineral surfaces; thus, certain textures or aggregate forms may hinder or prevent a true hardness determination. For this reason the Mohs test, while greatly facilitating the identification of minerals in the field, is not suitable for accurately gauging the hardness of industrial materials such as steel or ceramics. (For these materials a more precise measure is to be found in the Vickers hardness or Knoop hardness.)
| mineral | Mohs hardness | other materials | observations on the minerals |
|---|---|---|---|
| Source: Modified from C. Klein, Minerals and Rocks: Exercises in Crystallography, Mineralogy, and Hand Specimen Petrology. Copyright 1989 John Wiley & Sons. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | |||
| talc | 1 | very easily scratched by the fingernail; has a greasy feel | |
| gypsum | 2 | ~2.2 fingernail | can be scratched by the fingernail |
| calcite | 3 | ~3.2 copper penny | very easily scratched with a knife and just scratched with a copper coin |
| fluorite | 4 | very easily scratched with a knife but not as easily as calcite | |
| apatite | 5 | ~5.1 pocketknife | scratched with a knife with difficulty |
| ~5.5 glass plate | |||
| orthoclase | 6 | ~6.5 steel needle | cannot be scratched with a knife, but scratches glass with difficulty |
| quartz | 7 | ~7.0 streak plate | scratches glass easily |
| topaz | 8 | scratches glass very easily | |
| corundum | 9 | cuts glass | |
| diamond | 10 | used as a glass cutter | |
Another disadvantage of the Mohs scale is that it is not linear; that is, each increment of one in the scale does not indicate a proportional increase in hardness. For instance, the progression from calcite to fluorite (from 3 to 4 on the Mohs scale) reflects an increase in hardness of approximately 25 percent; the progression from corundum to diamond, on the other hand (9 to 10 on the Mohs scale), reflects a hardness increase of more than 300 percent.