National Portrait Gallery
National Portrait Gallery, museum in London that houses the national collection of portraits of British men and women. It is located adjacent to the National Gallery, north of Trafalgar Square, in Westminster.
(Read Sister Wendy’s Britannica essay on art appreciation.)
The gallery was founded by an act of Parliament in 1856 and was housed at a number of locations until its present home, an Italian Renaissance-style building designed by Ewan Christian, opened in 1895/96. The building was extended in 1933 and in 2000, and a number of galleries were renovated throughout the 1980s and ’90s and in the 2020s. The gallery also maintains displays from its extensive collection at Montacute House, Somerset; Beningborough Hall, Shipton, Yorkshire; and Gawthorpe Hall, Padiham, Lancashire. Bodelwyddan Castle, Denbighshire, Wales, was host to parts of the gallery’s collection from 1988 to 2018.
The collection of the National Portrait Gallery comprises some 215,000 portraits in a variety of media: paintings, drawings, medallions, sculptures, photographs, motion pictures, and video recordings. The portraits are collected primarily for historical reasons and mainly consist of Britons who have made notable contributions to the nation’s history since Tudor times. The gallery’s holdings are presented chronologically, beginning with the Tudors and moving on through the 21st century. The gallery’s arrangement illustrates different themes in British history, with maps and other period objects being used to complement the pictures.
(Read Glenn Lowry’s Britannica essay on "Art Museums & Their Digital Future.")
Although the criterion for inclusion has always been the celebrity of the subject rather than the merit of the artist, many superb works of art are in the collection. Among the numerous portraits of English monarchs are one by Hans Holbein the Younger of Henry VIII with his father (c. 1537) and a fine portrait of Elizabeth I (c. 1575). Other famous works include Peter Paul Rubens’s portrait of Thomas Howard, 2nd earl of Arundel (1629), Isaac Newton by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1702), and Warren Hastings by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1766–68). Self-portraits include ones by Reynolds (c. 1747), Thomas Gainsborough (c. 1759), and George Stubbs (1781). Later noteworthy works comprise a drawing of Jane Austen (c. 1810) by her sister, Cassandra Austen; a group portrait of the Brontë sisters (c. 1834) by their brother, Patrick Branwell Brontë; and a photograph of Thomas Carlyle (1867) by Julia Margaret Cameron. In 1969 the gallery changed its policies to accept portraits of living people, leading to the acquisitions of such pieces as a self-portrait (1991) by Chris Ofili, a painting of Anna Wintour (2009) by Alex Katz, and a photograph of Malala Yousafzai (2018) by Shirin Neshat.