Náxos, island, South Aegean (Modern Greek: Nótio Aigaío) periféreia (region), Greece. It is the largest of the Greek Cyclades (Kykládes) islands in the Aegean Sea. The island’s highest point is Mount Zeus (Zía Óros), which is about 3,290 feet (1,003 metres) in elevation. The 165-square-mile (428-square-kilometre) island forms an eparkhía (“eparchy”). The chief port, Náxos, on the west coast, is on the site of ancient and medieval capitals.
In ancient times, Náxos was famous for its wines and was a centre of the worship of the god Dionysus. According to legend, Dionysus found Ariadne asleep on the island’s shore after she had been deserted by Theseus on his way home from having slain the Minotaur in Crete. Náxos was inhabited in the early Bronze Age by Cretans, Carians, and Thessalians. The island’s artists played an important role in the development of Archaic sculpture. In the 7th and 6th centuries bce, a white, deep-grained marble was exported for statuary, contributing much to the island’s prosperity.
During the 6th century bce the tyrant Lygdamis ruled Náxos in alliance with the tyrant Peisistratus of Athens. In 490 the island was captured by the Persians and treated with severity; Náxos deserted Persia in 480, joining the Greeks at the Battle of Salamis and then joining the Delian League. After revolting from the league in 471, Náxos was immediately captured by Athens, which controlled it until 404. In 1207 ce a Venetian captured Náxos, initiating the duchy of Náxos, which flourished until captured by the Turks in 1566. In 1770 the island was occupied by the Russians. Regained by the Turks in 1774, it joined the Greek kingdom in 1830 during the War of Greek Independence.
The fertile and well-watered valleys of Náxos produce outstanding white wine, citron, and citrus, but the chief export is emery. The inhabitants of the island are mainly Eastern Orthodox, though the island has a Roman Catholic archbishop and several convents. Excavations of a Mycenaean settlement have been made at Grotta, north of the capital.